The recognition that involves deviant behavior differs over time and has led to the appearance of life-course perspectives. There are two concepts that are particularly important in their developmental formulation and they are trajectories and transitions (Humphrey & Schmalleger, 2012). Trajectories or pathways or lives of development throughout life. These long-term patterns of behavior may include work, life, marriage, parenthood, or even criminal behavior (Sampson & Laub, 1993). Transitions are short-term events that are embedded in the trajectories which include getting married, starting a new place of employment, having a child, or getting put in prison (Sampson & Laub,1993). Life-course trajectories that involve persistent behaviors could
1.1 Explain the sequence & rate of each aspect of development that would normally be expected in children & young people from birth -19 years
Chapter four deals with peers and problems. It gives answers as to why some kids become delinquents and we find out that it stems simply from a pause of laugh response to the behavior of the kid. Mostly this chapter talks about deviance, its pathway, its source and ways to prevent it. Early adolescents are particularly susceptible to deviancy if left unmonitored and or not offered multiple opportunities for prosocial activities.
The “looking-glass self” clearly explains how deviant behavior arises among juveniles. Under this concept, the social self is seen as the image that one internalizes out of how others define him or her (Winters, Globokar, & Roberson, 2014). The society is thus like a mirror or the ‘looking glass’ through which one sees the self. According to the proponents of the labeling theory, the ‘looking glass’ have a significant impact on one’s behavior. For instance, when a person construes that other seem him/her as lazy, that person will likely act lazy in order to fulfill the ascription. This is the same as self-fulfilling. In line with this concept, when youths face arrests, they are kept with other criminals and are labeled criminals. This gives the particular youth different experiences. The youth may develop new friendships while in prison or join gangs. While the youth leaves prison, he/she is likely to continue with criminal behavior.
| 1.1 | Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years |
In the video “The Lost Children of Rockdale County” produced by Dretzin and Goodman in 1999, portrays the life of teenagers engaging in peer delinquency, sexual behavior, and drugs and alcohol consumption. The video portrays the life of Nicole a 14 year old female who had engaged in sexual behavior, delinquent activity and lived under lack pf parental supervision. The General Theory of Crime and Delinquency is defined as “Motivations for crime include reinforcements for criminal activity, exposure to successful criminal models, learnijng beliefs favorable to crime” (Frailing & Harper, 2013. p.156). Robert Agnew’s theory can be related into Nicole’s life, because the environment in which she grew clearly affected the five domains explained in the theory. The family domain was affected because Cindy’s (Nicole’s mother) lack of parental attachment during Nicole’s infancy affected the relationship. Nicole argues that she started to engage in a risky behavior because she wanted to obtain her mother’s attention because her mother worked full time and didn’t had time to monitor her behavior.
Some will suffer anxiety at some point and worry about being a late or early developer.
Children gain skills and abilities as they grow,the changes in their capabilities and personalaties develop with age. There are many factors which distinguish each child such as diet, stimulation, environment,medical conditions,and illness. But most children generally develop at a similar rate.There are four key area of developmet which are; physical, social and emotional,cognitive(intellectual), and language developmet. Younger children between birth and five generally develop at much more rapid rate in comparison to older children. Growth and development begins at the moment of conception and continues until much later in life. Below i have listed the sequences and rate at which children develop.
1.1) Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 years.
Moffit’s taxonomy (1993) lacks a fundamental concept that would be a clarifying of rebellious behaviour (Farrington, 2006). Consequently presents her theory with numerous notions that influences that particular behaviour as the “neuropsychology deficits” for the life-course-persistent and the “maturity gap” for the Adolescences-limited (Moffitt, 1993). Thus, these findings are in need of different theoretical expectations. On the other hand, Sampson and Laub propose an exceptional framework to enlighten antisocial behaviour, focusing on all behavioural manifestations (Farrington, 2006) and not two classes of offenders as Moffitt theory models. “If no underlying construct is proposed, it seems likely that a more complex theory might be needed involving different factors influencing different types of antisocial behaviour” words from Farrington (2006, p.345) clarification of some implications of Moffitt taxonomy theory. Even though there are many critics to the theory, Moffitt has an extremely detailed theory with solid features and aspects with predictions for each group of offenders, thus her to achieve a significant level (Sampson and Laub, 2005). According to Moffitt some individuals are presumed to be fated to a life of antisocial behaviour with practically no escape and not evidently supported by any empirical evidence.
Terrie Moffitt’s Dual Pathway theory is based on a longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth group (Walsh & Hemmens, p. 344). The data for this study was collected by scientists of various professions, allowing for testing of both psychosocial and biosocial hypotheses. Moffitt divides offenders into two categories: Adolescence-limited (AL) offenders, who largely cease offending later in life, and Life-Course-Persistent (LCP) offenders, who demonstrate stable levels of criminal activity and are characterized by “neuropsychological and temperamental deficits that are manifested in low IQ, hyperactivity, inattentiveness, negative emotionality, and low impulse control” (Walsh & Hemmens, p. 344).
Trajectory theorists recognize that career delinquents may travel more than a single road. Some may specialize in violence and extortion; some may be involved in theft and fraud; others may engage in a variety of delinquent acts. Adolescents, offend at a different pace, commit different
In the movie City of God, it differentiates the progression of individuals and their life choices based on their history and what path one ultimately decides to take. Many researchers have examined the importance of one’s life-course such as the work of John Laub and Robert Sampson, who hypothesize that those who engage in criminal behavior may have trajectories’ and turning points. Individuals that experience certain life events may help them to make the decision to engage in criminal activity, such as growing up in a very underprivileged environment, such as the City of God. Terrie Moffitt offers a dissimilar interpretation of the theory. Moffit posits that the basis of crime rests in environmental factors and separates offenders between those with temporary and those with persistent anti-social behavior. Temporary for this purpose is to mean, behavior that does not extend past adolescence. Moffit suggests that those who have temporary anti-social behavior only commit offences when they deem it advantageous thus; it seems likely that they should continue their delinquent
Stoker Final Assignment Luke Nelson 201207959 Index Cover Page ……………………………… ………………………………………………………….. (0 – 1) Index ………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… (2) Intro / Plot Summary…………………………………………………………………………... (3 – 4) Narrative …………………..…………… ………………………………………………………….. (4 – 5) Time & Space …………………………………
Terrie E. Moffitt’s theory argues that antisocial behavior can be 1) life-course persistent offenders who spend the majority of their life exhibiting antisocial behavior and 2) adolescence-limited offenders who grow out of the antisocial behavior as they age. (Cullen & Agnew, 2011, Pg. 477) While it may be disputed that there are only two categories of antisocial individuals, Moffitt’s theory is supported by our other course readings. For example, Patricia Brennans study concluded that a lack of cognitive abilities due to
Many children in the due course of their growth and development indulge in deviant behaviour. This association with deviant behaviour gradually increases with age. Most of the children in detention centers were middle or late adolescents. The backgrounds of the children were usually the same: they faced multiple hardships during their lives, they had low-earning families, had parents who were not educated or had very less education, or belonged to families which were in a state of disarray. Most often, these children were from the backward sections of the society, earned for the family independently or with their parents, or were drop-outs. So we cannot deny that children associated with deviant behaviour are usually from families with low