Transient Marine Fungi

Table 2: Presence and occurrence of marine organisms in the surf zone of Pallarenda beach.

Only one method of planktonic sampling was used so comparison with another method of sampling cannot be done. It is safe to assume that the most appropriate method of sampling in these areas was previously determined by the lab instructor. Isolation of organisms in the samples was met with some difficulty as there was very little life to be observed. Once isolated however, a general identification was simple with the use of the “quick picks” section of the Marine Invertebrate Zoology Lab Manual. One particular organism isolated from the “T-docks” samples, a foraminiferida, was chosen for scientific drawing (Figure 1).

The SEA Phage Project is a national project that keeps in account of different phage discoveries across the country. This research course for the two semester starts with digging up soil to find rare and similar phages (http://seaphages.org/). Started by the Howard Hughes Medical, it helps students get the experience of being in an advance lab session and also helps with advancing in their science career of their choice in genome annotation and bioinformatic analysis (http://seaphages.org/). The program requires a set of protocols used into completing this research. Its components are 1. Isolation, purification and amplification, 2. Bioinformatic and genomic features (Poxleitner, M, et al). The purpose of this research is to learn different lab techniques and experience a real- life lab work that is able to stay with students and use it for future references.

Recent research has suggested the P. marinus may be a key contributor to evolution. Since the organism is incredibly abundant, it also produces an abundant amount of oxygen. Therefore, scientists propose that it has produced much of the oxygen we currently breathe, incited the explosion of early life within our oceans, and fueled the atmosphere’s ancient rise of oxygen. Researchers have also observed that there are differing ecotypes of P. marinus. Each ecotype has a unique hue (bright green, yellow, etc..) that corresponds to its depth. This makes the microbe extremely efficient while photosynthesizing. Additionally, this microbe has the power to regulate CO₂ levels that contribute to global warming, due to its part in the carbon cycle. P. marinus is also a key factor in the ocean’s food webs. It tends to thrive in nutrient-poor regions, making it a valuable food source in the ocean’s web. P. marinus also secretes a variety of peptides that in turn cause other oceanic microbes to secrete an enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for detoxifying reactive oxygen

Bolton & Anderson (1990) found that the intertidal zones of the west coast (mean SST of 13°C) and the south coast (mean SST of 18°C) were comprised of different dominating species although the sites were less than 500 km apart. West of the cape, the sublittoral zones were dominated by Laminaria sp (including L. pallida and L. schinzii). The sublittoral zones of the southern portion of the cape were dominated by smaller species such as Zongaria subarticulata. The midlittoral zone for both the west and south were dominated by Gigartina spp., however, the dominate species of the south coast, G. pristoides, was not even present along the west coast (Bolton & Anderson, 1990). Gigartina stiriata and G.radula dominated the midlittoral zone for the west coast sites (Bolton & Anderson, 1990). Although Bolton & Anderson (1990) did not examine species in the supralittoral zone, research along the coast of South Africa completed by Stephenson & Stephenson (1937) indicates that in the upmost intertidal zone of both the west and south coast of the cape, Porphyra capensis is the primary algae present, with Bostrychia spp. also represented.

The purpose of this experiment was to observe the light that the Tomopteris emits. They collected Tomopteris from Monterey Bay off the coast of California. They then stimulated the Tomopteris to produce light so that they could observe the light that it produced. The researchers took photos and measured the amount of light that was emitted per Tomopteris. One interesting discovery was a Tomopteris that emits a blue light which is rare since most Tomopteris emit a yellow-orange light. The researchers tried to create explanations as to why this Tomopteris emits blue light. They think that “different protein complements may be responsible for the light in different species”. However, this isn’t their only explanation for this rare blue emitting Tomopteris. The other explanation is that “this could potentially reflect different ecological roles of the two light colors”. Researchers concluded that with further testing the blue-light emitting Tomopteris may be considered a species of their own.

Through the Biology 124 Lab class on the spring 2016, my classmates, professor, and I went to Maunalua Bay for initial monitoring. I had never been there, so I surprised the difference between the real bay and what I expected. The Maunalua Bay is cleaner and more beautiful than I expected. I thought that there are more rocks, but there are more algae and sea animals than rocks. I found Asparagopsis taxiformis, Avrainvillea amadelpha, Gracilaria salicornia, shrimp, crab, and hermit crab. There are Avrainvillea amadelpha the most. I enjoyed finding many algaes and sea animals, and counting the algaes in Maunalua Bay.

Hi Elaine, thank you. As the number and complexity of surgical cases being handled by the surgical nurses increases, responding to all surgeon and PAs messages will NOT end up in a priority workload leading to delay on the most needed PAs related response (request for refill of pain meds, inquiry related to follow-up post-surgery care). I do recommend that filtering PA messages be done by a program support or again messages directed to PAs be received directly by the PAs. This will increase response time for a patient concern (by removing the middle person) and patient satisfaction.

Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria documentary has had me paranoid. It’s scary to think foreign bacteria can enter your body and shut it down. The most informing information was the NDM-1 wasn’t a bacteria it was a resistance gene that can turn bacteria into superbugs. I do think antibiotics are being over used. I agree with M.D Arjun Srinivasan,” the more you expose a bacteria to an antibiotic, the greater the likelihood that resistance to that antibiotic is going to develop. So the more antibiotics we put into people, we put into the environment, the more opportunities we create for these bacteria to become resistant”.

This forum discussion will be focusing on Mycelium and how it may be used in the construction/building industry. Mycelium are large groups of hyphae, hyphae are the branching filaments or clusters of single cells in a fungus that grow in a web like structure and is the main vegetation part of the fungus. A hyphae is formed when a single female and male fungi fuse and the spore germinates. The fruity or flowering part of the fungus is a mushroom. Fungus is a decomposer and absorbs nutrients from the breakdown of the decomposed material by using its mycelium in a 2 stage process. The mycelium lives inside of decaying wood/logs, soil etc. The hyphae projects enzymes into the decaying wood which works to break down the larger molecular structures or polymers into smaller single molecule or monomers which the mycelium can easily absorb by facilitated diffusion and active transport. The mycelium continues to spread searching for water and food sources, when the food source, or a change in the environment changes like temperature drops or humidity rises, the mycelium will be triggered to produce another mushroom, and they cycle starts all over again with the mushroom producing more spores and releasing them with force in the surrounding area.

In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.

The Starry Night was created by Vincent Van Gogh in the year 1889. As Post-Impressionist piece of art, it is clear Van Gogh expressed personal feeling and displayed original techniques and colors that traditionally had not been displayed in art. It was also, a time when science was making breakthroughs in research and new theories were developed, writers and painters sought out fresh new styles.

Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His great understanding and interpretation of writing had a strong influence on 20th-century. A Moveable Feast written by Hemingway describes his life throughout Paris when he was young. He struggled as a young writer and encountered many people like Stein, and Ezra. John J Botta, the author of the book “AMF: A Study in the Genre of Memoir” was very detailed about Hemingway life. Botta states, “If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man[…]for Paris is a moveable feast.” (Botta 3). Hemingway knows that Paris made him the man he use to be. He has a different perception to many people and that what makes his behavior very similar to his writing,

The coral holobiont consists of many different living components. In this paper, the main focus will be on the bacterial community of the coral holobiont. Since there has already been extensive study on algal interaction with the coral, the aim of this paper is to shed light on some of the lesser studied micro ecological communities and the implications that it has on the macro-ecological level of the ecosystem. In order to study the coral holobiont and the micro-ecological systems involved, a few questions must be answered. We must first define the structure of the coral holobiont and identify the bacteria specific to each environment. Then, we should examine potential interactions between the coral host and the bacteria communities.

Marine biology is the study of organisms in the oceans and other saltwater environments. Including their behavior and interactions with the environment. All plant and animal life forms are included from the microscopic pico plankton al the way to the majestic blue whale. Marine biology is a very broad area so most researchers select a particular area of interest and specialize on it. The specializations can be based off on a particular species, group, behavior, technique, or an ecosystem.