Transversional Rocration And Consequences Of The 8 Eight Species

After examining the Pan Troglodytes and Homo sapiens foramen magnum the Homo sapiens have a bigger foramen magnum hole in which the spinal cord passes. The Homo sapiens hole at the bottom of the skull position is in the middle of the skull. With the hole in the center the locomotion of Homo sapiens means there standing more upright. The Pan Troglodytes hole at the bottom of the skull position near the back of the skull making their locomotion more of a bent over and not walking upright motion. The Pan Troglodytes and Homo sapiens upper jaws are easily distinguish by how long they are. The Homo sapiens upper jaw is more round and shorter and the Pan Troglodytes upper jaw is square and longer.

Throughout the term, reading the book, “Through a Window” by Jane Goodall has been quite intriguing for me, in that it has inspired me with new ideas and perceptions about how our own species has evolved over time. I have really enjoyed seeing the many similarities that hominids share with other primate species, especially chimpanzees. Goodall’s research only further proves that we are not only extremely biologically similar to chimpanzees in our DNA, but have many behavioral similarities as well. The film, “Monkey in the Mirror” also shows support for our likeness in intellectuality. These documented findings on chimpanzee and human resemblances provides the strong evidence needed to conclude the fact that humans do indeed share a common ancestor with great apes.

According to my observation, even though Chimpanzee, and Gorilla are similar, they differ in many other ways when we go deeper in physical, and behavioral traits. However, both species also share the majority part of their DNA with Humans. Based on some reliable researches, some scientists realized that humans did not come from apes but instead shared common ancestors. As a matter of fact, humans and Primates are different, but share most of their genome, explaining why we found some similar patterns of behavior among humans, and

The studies of primate evolution have been developing throughout the years and now scientists are able to compare and contrast between several types of primate groups. One notable primitive characteristic that non-human primates and human primates have retained is the development and evolution of their dentition. Due to primates having long growth periods, scientists are able to research how primates have different dental characteristics and specializations in modern time (Larsen, 2008). By analyzing teeth, scientists are able to determine several factors, such as similar dental formation, growth, development, and diet preferences (Larsen, 2008).

The fossils which passed the amino acid tests were called “transitional” elements between the two species.  They represented a part of Europe where the Neanderthals and early humans would have more than likely encountered each other.  The same DNA sequence was found in Neanderthals and early humans, but also in ancient cave bears from Croatia and Austria.  This made the researchers skeptical of their findings and decided to test for mtDNA stands.  When the fossils were further analyzed, the researchers found that the mtDNA embedded in the Neanderthal fossils was of a different strain than that in the early humans, which was of course, different from that of the ancient cave bears.

“All four Neanderthals yielded the mtDNA sequences similar to those previously determined from Neanderthal individuals, whereas none of the five early modern humans contained such mtDNA sequences. In combination with current mtDNA data, this excludes any large genetic contribution by Neanderthals to early modern humans, but does not rule out the possibility of a smaller contribution” (Serre, 16 March 2004).

The first true evolution of primates goes all the way back to 55 million years ago.. Primates descend in two orders, Stepsirrhini and Haplorrhini. The Stepsirhines were the first of the suborders to unfold. That term is identical with prosimians. Prosimians are defined as a “pre-monkey” in Latin(anthro.palomar.edu). Evidence was not shown until the 20th century of prosimians evolving before the monkey. A stepsirhine that is still alive and studied today are lemurs. Lemurs are the oldest ancestors of monkeys, apes, and humans. There is research of a Lemur’s past and present habitats, discovered theorists, predators, diet, life expectancy, large number of subspecies, and fossils collected about Lemurs.

The eight primates whose sequences were used are: Homo sapiens sapiens (modern human), Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthal), Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee), Pan paniscus (bonobo), Gorilla gorilla (gorilla), Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan), Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan), and Hylobates lar (gibbon). Based on morphological similarities, it is hypothesized that Neanderthal is the most closely related species to humans. For instance, both species walk up right, have large brains, were able to develop and create tools and had spoken language—although more research is still needed to say for certain that Neanderthals did have spoken language. Additionally, it is also hypothesized that modern human and Neanderthal are both more closely related to the sister group of bonobo and chimpanzee, then to gorilla, then to the sister taxa of Sumatran orangutan and Bornean orangutan, and lastly the gibbon (the outgroup of this data). Hence, by developing the order of these eight primates through genetic data and phylogenetic character analysis, we can gain a new insight into the evolution of

Viewed from the side, the occipital bone is somewhat bun-shaped. The forehead rises more vertically than that of a H. Erectus, and the brow ridges arch over the orbits instead of forming a straight bar. The Neanderthals were robust, barrel-chested, powerfully muscled. They also had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chinless jaw. This robust skeletal structure, in fact, dominates hominin evolution from H. Erectus through all premodern forms. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p.370). Neanderthals had a compact body of short stature. Males averaged 1.7 m (5ft 5in) tall and an estimate to weigh 84kg (185lb), and females averaged 1.5 m (5ft) tall and an estimate 80kg (176lb). (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals also differed from modern Homo Sapiens in that they had a low forehead, double arched brow ridge, larger nasal area, projecting cheek region, weak chin, obvious space behind the third molar, heavily-built bones, broad scapula, short lower leg and arm bones relative to the upper portions, occasional bowing of the limb bones, the hip rotated outward, a long and thin pubic bone, and large joint surfaces of the toes and long bones. (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals had noses that were broad and very large. They had limb bones that were thick and had large joints which indicate they had strongly muscled arms and legs. The shin bones and forearms tended to be shorter than those of modern humans. The pelvis was wider from side to side

Superficially, anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals have much in common. Current data suggest Neanderthals had language, religion, and shared select genes with Homo-sapiens. The standing question is whether or not these similarities are a product of gene flow. This paper will be an extensive overview of the most substantial evidence that proves or disproves any genetic and anatomical relationships between anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals.

To create the phylogenetic tree we used the program Geneious which allows for various analyses within the single program. We used two datasets to start the analysis; the first an unknown file containing the 12S sequences for the three Rwanda samples and the second containing the 12S Sequences for the eight primate species. After opening the program we set up a

Through previous studies, it has been suspected that Neanderthals, who are a close common ancestor to modern humans, lived in parts of Asia and Europe. Speculations surrounding whether or not modern humans interbred or simply co-existed with Neanderthals has been a highly regarded topic. If interbreeding did occur, it would suggest that modern humans did in fact partly evolve from genetic variations with Neanderthals. In one study, this question is explored even further using information from the Neanderthal genome (Wall et al. 2013). Data was gathered based on admixture (interbreeding) rates between Neanderthals, East Asians, and Europeans using the Denisova genome (bone fragments found in the mountains of Siberia and Russia) (Wall et al. 2013). After comparison, the results found varying admixture rates among the different populations. For example, the rate of admixture was 40% higher with East Asians than Europeans (Wall et al. 2013). Due to varying admixture rates, it can be suggested that Neanderthals did not all at once interbreed with Europeans and Asians, but this interbreeding occurred during separate times resulting in different

The first Neanderthal fossils found in Europe, a fragmented child’s cranium in Belgium in 1830, and an adult cranium in Gibraltar, were not immediately recognized as a divergent kind of human. Only in 1856 after a partial skeleton was found in a cave in the Neander Valley in Germany it became clear that these fossils belonged to an extinct human and our closest evolutionary relative (Hublin and Pääbo, 2006). Since then, questions about their relationship with modern humans have been fiercely debated between anthropologists. But what attracts most interest from scientists and popular media is the possibility of hybridization between Neanderthals and modern humans if, in other words, they were a genetically different specie or a

The gorilla branch of the family tree went one direction, while the human, chimpanzee, and bonobo line went a different direction. 5 to 7 million years ago, the human line branched off from a common ancestor that it shared with chimpanzees and bonobos which went a different direction. The human branch developed bipedalism requiring the skeletal changes like the shift in the foramen magnum. Also, humans diet changed requiring the change in dentition from the gorilla dentition like smaller molars and smaller canines. Like all primates, humans and gorillas, have “enhanced vision, reduced sense of smell, opposable thumbs, are dietary generalists, extensive parental involvement, expanding brains, and social complexity” (Anonymous,

Human evolution is the gradual process in which people, or Homo sapiens, originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence, particularly in the form of fossils and secondary remains, show that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a period of approximately six million years. Humans are primates. Both genetic and physical similarities show that humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa, chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. The volume of fossils found in Africa suggests that most evolution occurred there and is likely the place of origin for early humans. This brings to fruition the “out of Africa” theory, also called the “single-origin hypothesis.”