Traumatic Brain Injury Essay

There is a dark cloud hanging over the world of contact sports and it is growing at an alarming rate. With the size and speed of today’s athletes, the sports of football and hockey have become more exciting, fast paced, wide open, and fun to watch. However, there is another consequence of these ever growing athletes on their sports. They have made the collisions in them increasingly more violent. The velocity that these athletes hurl themselves through the air has created an atmosphere that could not have been imagined when these sports were created. Although the athletes’ bodies have become

During our lifetime every one of us feels anger and aggression occasionally, some more than others, maybe as a child in the play ground or later as an adult when somebody cuts you up when you are driving along. But what causes anger and aggression and why do we all suffer from it? Well there are lots of different theories to what causes aggression and where aggressive behaviour comes from. So throughout this essay I will examine the different concepts and theories from different psychologist and develop and show an understanding of Aggression

Two psycho-biologically distinctive modes of aggression, affective and predatory, have received substantial experimental and clinical attention during the past 30 years. Affective aggression in humans is a defensive mode of violence that is accompanied by high levels of sympathetic arousal and emotion, usually anger and fear, and is a time-limited reaction to an imminent threat. Predatory aggression in humans is an attack mode of violence that is accompanied by minimal automatic arousal, and is planned, purposeful, and emotionless.

Brody and his colleagues explored this hypothesis. Dr, Brody’s team previously used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an advanced form of MRI which revealed significant abnormalities in brain consistent with traumatic axonal injury in blast-related TBI patients. On a separate study, the group used module-based graph theoretic analysis of resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data which revealed altered between-module connectivity in the TBI patients compared to control group who had blast exposures without a diagnosis of TBI. Overall, this technique showed that with high quality scan it will provide potentially useful information for blast-related TBI. Blast plus impact TBI patients also showed higher rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression but not cognitive impairments compared to non-blust concussive patients with

Type of injury. Stefen et al (2015) identified skull fracture with orbital frontal injury was predicted as the risk factor of developing agitation following TBI. Consistent to the finding in a clinical correlates among agitated and non-agitated patient , agitation was found to be higher in patient with frontal lesion (p=0.008) (Jorge, & Robinson,

Best, Williams and Coccaro (2002) defined premeditated aggression as the sort of aggression one uses to try and control their external environment, like mugging someone. Impulsive aggression results from the inability to control your impulses and emotions, leading to things like temper tantrums or road rage. It is ths impulsive aggression that appears to present itself more readily in those with prefrontal injuries. This study sought to examine exactly where that dysfunction might be. In order to this they recruited twenty-four patients diagnosed with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED). IED tends to exhibit itself in the form of chronic impulsive aggression. 22 control subjects were also recruited. Interestingly, exclusion criteria included any past neurological illness or traumatic brain injury. Multiple neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functioning were administered to the participants. On working memory tasks, there was no impairment suggesting that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was in working order. However, in all tests related to the Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex Circuit there was statistically significant impairment in the IED group when compared to controls. This included poor problem solving, as evidenced by the Iowa Gambling Task, and impaired recognition of facial emotion, particularly negative emotions such as disgust or anger. Interestingly, they found that the most common

The case of Phineas Gage discussed by Cacioppo & Fregberg (2013, pgs. 158-159) attempt to establish a link between the condition of the prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex and an individual’s tendency for displaying certain dispositions. The accounts of Gage before the injury to those post injury seem to support a strong correlation between the state of the brain and personality traits. Behavioral changes and analysis of the entry and exit wounds described in this case suggest Gage suffered significant damage to his frontal lobes, including the orbitofrontal cortex. Although many of Gage’s higher functions such as speech and the ability to perform complex tasks were retained, the damage caused acute changes in Gage’s demeanor and personality.

The chances of an extremely violent person with a long history of terrible conduct changing their wicked ways is highly improbable. If The violent person has a traumatic brain injury that may change their mindset. A high percentage of violent people have brain abnormalities. The kind of brain damage most often observed in hostile aggressive person's involves areas in the frontal lobe and, to a lesser extent, the temporal lobe. These areas are important in regulating impulses, particularly aggressive impulses, and fear conditioning. The damage may be developmentally calls are caused by injury. For example, sniffing glue or inhaling butane gas, which can induce intoxication similar to alcohol, can cause the kind of brain damage that has been

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to

Further research found high scores of psychopathy to be associated with proactive aggression for both children and adults and therefore suggest that proactive aggression could possibly be an indicator of psychopathic behaviours (Kolla et al., 2013). This has been noted through all stages of development. The literature has also shown that proactive aggression tends to be related to behavioural problems, hyperactive behaviour and impulsive acts (Scarpa, Haden & Tanaka, 2010). In previous studies correlations have demonstrated that substance abuse and family violence is also related to proactive aggression (Connor et al., 2004; Frick & Marsee, 2006), while youth who have been a victim of sexual abuse display reactive aggressive behaviours (Connor et al., 2004).

This is not to deny, however, that there is a relationship between aggression and biological influences. Complex neural systems in the brain when stimulated electrically or chemically can promote aggressive behaviors. Similar effects are noted with certain types of head injuries. Head injury victims may react with rage distinct from ordinary anger (Rosenbaum, Hoge, Adelman, Warnken, Fletcher, & Kane, 1994). Their rage may

2008). The original questionnaire consists of 40 items that assess five forms of aggression: physical, property, verbal, relational, and passive-rational aggression, and are rated on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (almost never) to 5 (always). There is convergent validity with another popular aggression measure, the Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Warren, 2000; r = .65), and thus this is an acceptable measure of aggression. It has been modified to assess the frequency of behaviors during a set time interval (i.e., the questionnaire asks how often a certain behavior occurred in the past five days [the 1-5 scale has changed to never, once, twice, 3-4 times, 5+ times, respectively], and items have been changed to the past tense); for this study, 13 items were chosen (3 physical, 1 property, 5 verbal, 2 relational, and 2 passive-rational; see Appendix). Scores for physical, property, verbal, relational, and passive-rational will range from 0-15, 0-5, 0-25, 0-10, and 0-10,

Since most of the previous studies focused on child aggression in general without making a clear distinction between reactive and proactive aggression, it is important to focus on the potential relationship between interpretational and attentional bias and reactive aggression in an adult population. The primary goal of the current study is to examine whether participants who score high on a reactive aggression have an attentional and interpretational bias that differs from individuals who score low on reactive aggression. Moreover, most previous studies only focused on behavioral measurers, and therefore it might be of additive value to study electro-cortical reflection of both the attentional and interpretational bias, in order to understand

These theories of aggression are the most plausible because they account for both types of aggression, reactive and instrumental. People learn how to act from society, and use what is believed to be the most efficient way to achieve desired results. This can be a reaction to coerce someone into stopping an action, or instrumental, to force one to do something. Cues from the past, such as seeing a weapon that has been seen countless times on T.V. instead of a badminton racket, increases the aggressive reactions from people (Anderson).

A major distinction made in animal studies of aggression, and one that may well have profound implications for human aggression, is the difference between offensive and defensive aggression (Feshbach, Zagrodzka 1997). Much research has already been done indicating that different brain sites mediate predation and defensive aggression. Aggression can take many different paths. The act of hitting a wall to release aggression has some of the same roots as playing football and enjoying hitting the quarterback. A child yelling at their parents could be equated in its aggressiveness with someone honking their horn when they get cut off driving. Psychologist Arlene Stillwell performed an experiment where she assigned ordinary college students at random to play the role of a victim or a perpetrator in a small incident. Then she asked the students to describe the situation that had just happened. What she found was that both victims and perpetrators deformed the truth equally to present their sides in a better light. Victims would dwell on their lasting traumas from the incident while the perpetrator might make the act seem like a one-time action provoked by insurmountable circumstances. The resulting implication is that aggression is in the eye of the beholder