Traumatic Brain Injury

It happens in an instant but the effect lasts longer. How would you feel to be in a darkroom with no electronics for two weeks? Pretty boring, don’t you think? A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a blow to the head, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. If the blow to the head is severe enough to cause a tear of a blood vessel under the skull, this can cause an accumulation of blood that will cause the brain to become displaced [Flynn]. There are six types of concussions. The harder you hit your head the worse the injury will take to recover. [Newsela] People with concussions had thinking and memory test scores that were 25 percent

Concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) are the most common forms of traumatic brain injury. There are between 1.6 and 3.8 million concussions a year that occur due to sports and recreation accidents alone (CDC). Mild concussions and MTBIs were once thought to be insignificant in terms of consequences. However, there now is significant evidence that neurological even with what is thought to be a mild injury, physiological, and cognitive changes can occur. Individuals sustaining mild brain injuries often report an assortment of physical, cognitive, and emotional/behavioral symptoms referred to as post concussion syndrome (PCS). There are many symptoms associated with PCS, but these symptoms are often mistaken as behavior, mood, and/or adjustment disorders.

Perhaps one of the least understood injuries is a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), otherwise known as a concussion. Over 1,000,000 concussions occur the United States every year (Majerske et al., 2008), and can be caused by any blow to the head. It is likely that many concussions do not go diagnosed. 300,000 of these concussion have been contributed to sports related injury (Majerske et al., 2008), making the study of sports related concussions in athletes the most important and easiest subjects to study.

Concussions are a form of brain injury that is medically defined as a condition that modifies the way in which an individual’s brain essentially functions as a result of significant trauma to the head or body (Mayo Clinic, 2016). While most people believe that concussions can only be sustained by receiving a direct blow to the head itself, concussions can actually develop from any forceful acceleration to either the head or the body as long as the impact is hard enough (Edwards & Bodle, 2014). The amount of energy that is generated by such dynamic contact basically causes the brain to jolt back and forth against the skull surrounding it, thereby damaging the neurological structure almost instantaneously. However, most concussions tend to lean more to the milder side of the brain injury spectrum and, in most cases, the

The topic that I chose to focus on for this assignment was the social dysfunctions such as learning and behavior in relations to traumatic brain injuries specifically within young adults and children. These traumatic injuries can range from a concussion to cracking one’s skull open during a fall. After reading the articles listed in the reference page, I have learned that those suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a drastic change in their quality of life. It becomes harder for these children to act the way they are supposed to or learn the way they did prior to the incident (Ryan, N., Catroppa, C., p. 196). It was surprising to learn that depending on your environment post TBI your recovery can be changed. Research has shown that if a child’s environment consists of caring and supportive family members, teachers, and peers a child can have a full recovery; including normal behavior and no social dysfunctions. However, if a child is surrounded in negativity, the risks of social impairment are a lot higher.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is estimated to affect 1.6-3.8 million annually in the United States (Langlois, Rutland-Brown, & Wald, 2006). The incidence of traumatic brain injury in military personnel has increased since the military operation began in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2001, and while the exact number of cases is unknown, it has been estimated to be as high as 18% (Hoge, McGurk, Thomas, Cox, Engle, & Castro, 2008). There has been a growing concern for for the ramifications of traumatic brain injury, especially as a result of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) is the most common type of TBI in civilians and Iraq/Afghanistan veterans and soldiers (Carlson, Kehle, Meis, Greer, MacDonald, Rutks, Sayer, Dobscha, & Wilt, 2011). Operationally defined, mTBI in military settings is an injury to the brain as a result of an external force like a blast, fall, impact, or vehicle accident which changes the mental state with a presentation of symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness/balance problems, fatigue, insomnia/sleep disturbances, drowsiness, sensitivity to light/ noise, blurred vision, difficulty remembering, and/or

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability among children, adolescents, and adults (Trudel, Scherer, & Elias, 2009, p.41). There are close to 1.4 million individuals a year who are treated with a TBI. Out of this 50,000 of them die. That is 1 out of every 28 people treated for a TBI dies every year. Another 6 out of 28 people are admitted into medical facilities for longer-term care. These number do not take in account the number of people each year with TBI’s who go untreated. However, TBI’s had received little to no support publicly or policy wise until recent years. This increase in attention was due to the increase in TBI’s among military personnel returning home from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Doctors, teachers, cognitive therapists, and health care professionals don 't always recognize or properly diagnose the problems that arise for a traumatic brain injured individual: moreover, the intellectual who has suffered a traumatic brain injury does not receive

Directions: Click the link below to watch Living with a Traumatic Brain Injury (about 29mins). Complete Video Guide by typing directly into this word document, save and load to the D2L dropbox. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyqGys9Htbo

en traumatic brain injury occurs to the frontal area, it is impacting the brain’s largest lobe. Located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere, this lobe is responsible for conscious thought, voluntary movement, and individual personality characteristics. When you are searching for just the right word to say, it is this section of the brain upon which you rely.

Traumatic brain injury affects people from all walks of life. Form military personal to the elderly that get injured when they fall or even athletes in relation to the injuries they acquire. Traumatic brain injury progressively leads to complex pathophysiological events that may lead neurodegenerative complications. For those that have experienced traumatic brain damage are more susceptible for the development of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, dementia, epilepsy, posttraumatic stress disorder, and neuropsychiatric disorder. The progression of these diseases can occur in a span of a few weeks, months, or even decades after trauma, so it is important to look over the underlying pathophysiology that traumatic brain injury can cause after the injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with neuropathological changes in cognition, emotion and behavior (page 78). Brain injuries are often connected to serous and violent behavior as well as other antisocial behaviors. Damage that is done to the frontal lobe has a strong relation with brain dysfunction. The frontal lobe control organized thoughts, planning and self-regulation. A traumatic brain injury can drastically change someone personality. An example the textbook provides is that case of Phinease Gage. This made had a 3-foot iron rod go through the side of his face, pace through his frontal lobe and exit out of the top of his head. Gage was able to walk with little assistance and speak just minutes after the accident.

Examining the long-term effects of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) are one of the many areas of brain behavior relationships neuropsychologists focus on. Consequently, studies review the effects obstacles have when attempting to remediate coping following TBI (Krpan, K. M., Anderson, N. D., & Stuss, D. T., 2013) while other studies have looked at the relationships between development in children who have suffered from TBI (Ganesalingam, K., Yeates, K. O., Sanson, A. and Anderson, V., 2007). In a highly specialized study, researchers discussed the sex differences in orbitofrontal connectivity in male and female veterans with TBI (McGlade, E., Rogowska, J. & Yurgelun-Todd, D., 2015). Nevertheless, while these studies are examining different ways TBI are influencing different behavioral changes in all ranges of people, they all focus on specific brain behavior relationships. The further purpose of these studies is to determine the best rehabilitation methods to achieve the highest possibility of cognitive functioning. Through the examination of how TBI effect certain areas of the brain, this will allow neuropsychologists to focus rehabilitation efforts specifically on the areas with the most concentrated brain damage.

for the care of patients with traumatic brain injuries, the morbidity rate is still fairly

There are several national and local support groups available to help families deal with their life changes. Nationally there is the Brain Injury Association of America who is a “ leading national organization serving and representing individuals, families and professionals who are touched by a life-altering, often devastating, traumatic brain injury” (2010).