Traumatic Brain Injury Lab Report

Being home and at school are the primary locations for students and adolescents and where they spend the most time of their day. When a student is diagnosed with a TBI, it can dramatically affect their school performance. After a student experiences a TBI, school is one one of the many stepping stones where recovery and development is offered and can be used as an intervention. For schools to be able to offer the appropriate educational measures adjusted for the needs of the student, the appropriate support and recovery process for the student, schools having the appropriate documentation and knowledge about the student’s injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a type of injury that is a critical public health and socio-economic problem. TBI is a leading cause of death and disability in both children and adults [5]. The Centers for Disease Control and

Concussions are complex cerebral injuries that result in a series of metabolic events within the brain. The changes are seen in the fragile neuronal homeostatic balances where changes in the elevations of glutamate and potassium have been identified. The effects of concussions have also been seen in the functioning of the brain rather than in the structure of the brain itself. Being identified as mild traumatic brain injuries, occurring due to a bump or jolt to head or neck, concussions can result in both short-term and long-term effects. Although most individuals are able to recover from these head injuries, a small but relevant portion of individuals have been found to suffer from chronic long-term effects including early onsets of Alzheimer disease, clinical depression and other cognitive complications. The occurrence of a secondary concussion during the recovery phase of a primary concussion, also recognized as the second impact syndrome, has been shown to increase the risk for long-term effects of cerebral and neurological failure as the neurons have become incapable of experiencing normal functions after an initial traumatic brain injury. The recoveries from these initial concussions are critical to prevent the onset of long-term effects.

Perhaps one of the least understood injuries is a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), otherwise known as a concussion. Over 1,000,000 concussions occur the United States every year (Majerske et al., 2008), and can be caused by any blow to the head. It is likely that many concussions do not go diagnosed. 300,000 of these concussion have been contributed to sports related injury (Majerske et al., 2008), making the study of sports related concussions in athletes the most important and easiest subjects to study.

Concussions can seriously alter one’s life. Concussions are the result of moderate to severe impact to the head with another object. These impacts shake the brain, which is suspended in cerebral fluid, and cause it to scrape against the skull. Concussions can have mild to severe symptoms including insomnia, an inability to concentrate and headaches. Symptoms manifest both physically and mentally and may appear days after the initial trauma, with the possibility of lasting for months. Concussions are extremely prominent in contact sports such as football and hockey at all ages of play, professional to amateur. Multiple concussions may be accompanied by CTE, a neurodegenerative disease associated with

Curcumin has been proven to help recover from neurodegenerative diseases, even aiding in their prevention, and inhibiting inflammatory molecules in the brain (Petraglia, et al., 2011, p.4). Foods high in curcumin include Indian curries, yellow rice flavored with turmeric, and mustard (Curinga 1). Caffeine, although showing mixed results in some studies, shows reductions in neurological deficits (Petraglia, et al., 2011, p.8). One of the best high caffeine options is green tea at a recommended three cups per day (Maroon, et al., 2011, p.6). As seen in some research on green tea, the result of its high consumption in Asian countries leads to the “Asian paradox,” or the significant prevention of neurological problems in Asia (ibid). Vitamin E in nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and cereals has been tested to show improved cognitive performance, improved spatial memory, and less neuropathology (Petraglia, et al., 2011, p.9). Vitamin E intake is improved in conjunction with Vitamin C (ibid). Foods high in Vitamin C include citrus fruits, tomato juice, and potatoes (“Office of Dietary Supplements – Vitamin C,” 2016, p.2). Finally, Omega 3 has been consistently shown to help in recovery from PCS and inflammation (Maroon, 2011, p.1). They are the most effective natural anti-inflammatory food and has been tested to be neurotherapeutic for PCS (Maroon et al., 2010,

The review study written by Barkhoudarian et al explored the pathophysiology of concussive brain injury in young athletes. Sport-related concussions cause diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or white matter shearing injury (Barkhoudarian et al., 2011; Wozniak et al., 2007). They disrupt the axonal membrane leading to a disrupted normal ionic crossing and increased calcium influx. This flow of calcium not only causes mitochondrial-swelling leading to possible apoptosis but also prevents microtubular function (Halstead et al., 2010; Barkhoudarian et al., 2011). All these factors together can prevent axonal transport and form axonal blebs (Figure 6), hence altering the

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when sudden penetration trauma happens to the head. I’m writing this paper based on my personal experience with my traumatic brain injury. This is my story. When I nine, we were getting ready to go camping, when my neighbors came over and said they wanted to play. The day started out pretty good until my neighbor threw a rock at my head. My mom brought me to the local clinic, here in Hartford, where Jan told my mom that “It is nothing, and just take her home and let her take a nap.” My mom knew better though, she rushed me to the ER where I was taken to surgery right away. While I was having my surgery the doctors came out and gave my mom the waiver that stated if I died on the operating table it wouldn’t

​Every 15 seconds an individual in the United States suffers from a traumatic brain injury. These equivalents approximately 1.5 to 2 million traumatic brain injuries every year (The Franklin Institute, 2004). Nearly 300,000 sports-related traumatic brain injuries, otherwise called TBI's, happen every year in the United States (CDC, 2013). Because of the abnormal state of contact included in games, competitors included in games, for example, football, hockey and boxing are at critical danger of TBI. Head injuries are additionally to a great degree regular in sports, for example, cycling, baseball, b-ball and skateboarding. Unfortunately, numerous games head wounds lead to lasting cerebrum harm or more terrible. Traumatic

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has gained considerable notice in recent years since the Global War on Terrorism. High percentages of service members surviving combat-related injuries are now battling the long-lasting effects and associated medical morbidities of brain trauma. Nearly 1.6 million service members deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) through June 30, 2007 (Defense Manpower Data Center ). While percentages of those deployed sustaining mTBI are only approximations and may underestimate prevalence of injury and underscore the subsequent impact of postconcussive symptoms, as many as 12-35% of those with exposure to combat are estimated to have experienced an mTBI (Schneiderman, Braver, & Kang, 2008 ; Hoge, et al., 2008 ). Moreover, an estimated 25,000 military personnel sustained an mTBI in 2014 alone, as reported by the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC, 2015). MTBI has a

The topic that I chose to focus on for this assignment was the social dysfunctions such as learning and behavior in relations to traumatic brain injuries specifically within young adults and children. These traumatic injuries can range from a concussion to cracking one’s skull open during a fall. After reading the articles listed in the reference page, I have learned that those suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a drastic change in their quality of life. It becomes harder for these children to act the way they are supposed to or learn the way they did prior to the incident (Ryan, N., Catroppa, C., p. 196). It was surprising to learn that depending on your environment post TBI your recovery can be changed. Research has shown that if a child’s environment consists of caring and supportive family members, teachers, and peers a child can have a full recovery; including normal behavior and no social dysfunctions. However, if a child is surrounded in negativity, the risks of social impairment are a lot higher.

People in West Virginia, and throughout the U.S., commonly suffer traumatic brain injuries. In 2010, patients were diagnosed with these types of injuries in 2.2 million emergency department visits, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Generally, occurring when people suffer a blow, bump or jolt to their bodies or heads, traumatic brain injuries may be caused by any number of factors. This may include motor vehicle collisions, falls, assaults, and other types of accidents. Regardless of how they are sustained, these types of injuries may have lasting implications for those who suffer them, and their families.

An expanding area of occupational therapy (OT) practice that I have considerable interest in is the rehabilitation of veterans who have suffered a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). The field of occupational therapy made considerable advances and experienced a boom in theory advancement internationally following World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War when servicemen were returning with considerable physical and cognitive disabilities (Peloquin & Punwar, 2000). Unable to financially contribute to their households, as well as socially readapt, veterans were in need of professionals who could provide new avenues of productivity, as well as strategies for daily

There was also a theory that damage to the STN would relief some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and to prove this, a test was conducted on monkeys. The results were that there was an immediate relief of akinesia and bradykinesia in contralateral limbs, this was the first support of a positive role that the STN serves on hyperkinetic disorders.

The brain is a complex and curious organ; despite extensive research, scientists still know little about it. William Allman described the brain as “a monstrous, beautiful mess.” He went on to say that “its billions of nerve cells – called neurons – lie in a tangled web that display cognitive powers far exceeding any of the silicon machines [scientists] have built to mimic it” (faculty.washington.edu). Imagine this mess of neurons experiencing a simple disruption, one that creates a domino effect that effortlessly damages this intricately created organ. Some of the most disastrous disruptions to this complex organ, traumatic brain injuries, most commonly occur in the frontal lobe. Injuries to