Electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder (BD), previously known as manic depression, is a recurrent mental illness first described by Jules Farlet in 1854 as Folie Circulaire (circular insanity) (Ghouse, Sanches, Zunta-Soares, Swann & Soares, 2013). BD is known to affect ones mood, from feeling depressed to manic episodes, such as feeling very high and overactive. BD usually occurs in young adulthood (average age of 25 years) and is relatively equal in men and women, and causes serious problems throughout life,- with a lifetime prevalence of 0.2-1.2% (James & Chapman, 1975; Weissman & Myers, 1978). Affecting about 1.5% of the U.S population (Hyman, 2000) and between 0.5% and 3.5% of the world population (Kleinman et …show more content…
Further, cyclothymia, which is a mild form of BD, is defined by patients having episodes of both hypomania and dysthymia (persistent mild depression), thoughhowever the highs and lows are not severe enough to qualify as either mania or major depression. Unipolar disorder (major depression disorder) is often compared to BD;, although they are similar, they are also subtly different, as patients with unipolar disorder are characterised by having either depressive or manic episodes, however though never both unlike BD. Though the cause of BD is unknown, both psychological and biological conceptualisations have been made. Family, twin and adoption studies suggest that BD has a strong genetic predisposition component (Goodwin & Jamison, 1990; Nurnberger & Gershon, 1992), as genetic variance accounts for up to 80% of variance in BD , showing a strong genetic link (Alloy et al., 2005). Adoption studies have found that bipolar I or II patients affective disorders at 31% in biological parents and 12% in adoptive parents , demonstrating that bipolar disorder may be a cause of biological influences. . Further, a growing body of evidence suggests that environmental influences haves an important impact on the onset of BD (Johnson &
Scientist has also founded that bipolar disorder is also hereditary by adoption studies. This study will show if the biological parent or sibling from the adoptee is ill even if he or she has not grown up in the same environment. Adoption studies has shown that the blood relatives has the same mood swing rate as the adoptee, therefore, leads that genetics plays an important role to bipolar disorder. Another theory is, mood swings may be caused from too much stress or major life changes along with, one’s sleep
Bipolar disorder, otherwise known as manic-depressive disorder, is a severe psychological condition of rapid alterations of a contrasting momentary conscious state of mind. Conditions of this particular illness range in severity from an extreme high (Bipolar 1 or Mania) or to a dangerously low (Bipolar 2 or Depression). In addition, it is also common for an individual diagnosed with the illness to experience psychiatric indications of misconceptions. Onset traits of bipolar become present within young adulthood, generally within the age of 20, after an individual has endured recurring alterations for an abnormally extended time. BP is categorized into four types and the disorder has been linked to enhanced
Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder that may bring upon abnormal changes in one’s mood and energy that may harm the ability to go on with everyday functions. The showings of this disorder can be very severe. Anyone of age can get this disorder, but more commonly found in adults. There are many different types of this disorder depending on how severe your symptoms are. Fortunately, this disease can be treated and successful with the treatment. Scientists are studying the possible causes of this disorder, and most agree there is no single cause; rather, many factors likely act together to produce the illness or increase risk (Insel 2009.)
Bipolar disorder, also called manic depression, is a systemic disorder that affects a person both mentally and physically. While talking about diseases and disorders may be hard for some, it is vital that we do in order to have an understanding of them. Bipolar disorder affects so many people in the world that it is highly likely that you probably know someone suffering from it. It is a disorder that we are still making discoveries about each and everyday, and will continue to do so in order to satisfy our thirst for knowledge. Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that not many people have a full understanding of.
The DSM-5 classifications of bipolar and related disorders include four categories. Bipolar Disorder I is characterized by predominately manic episodes. Bipolar II is predominately depressive. Cyclothymic Disorder consists of frequent periods of both hypomania and depression, yet do not meet the criteria for either a type I or II BD diagnosis. Lastly, Unspecified Bipolar and related disorders are defined by bipolar symptoms that do not match the three categories above. Diagnosis of a manic episode includes three or more of the following symptoms that lasts one week or more: inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured talk, flight of ideas, distractibility, increase of goal directed activities, and excessive involvement in activities the produce negative consequences. Depressive episodes include fatigue, hypersomnia or insomnia, low self-esteem, poor concentration, increased or decreased appetite, psychomotor agitation or
Bipolar disorder is a manic-depressive disease; it is a brain disorder which sources uncommon changes in energy, mood, ability to do daily activities and activity levels. The symptoms are normally severe as they lead to poor performance in jobs and schools. Bipolar disorders can be cured and the sick people can have useful lives. Scientists and experts are reviewing the causes of the disease and they tend to agree there is no solitary cause. There are many factors which lead up to the illness and risk.
The etiology of bipolar disorder is not entirely clear but likely involves in interplay between genetic factors, abnormal brain structure and function, and psychosocial factors. The condition frequently runs in first-degree relatives and other close family members. Stressful life events may include mistreatment during childhood or other trauma (eg, military combat).
Bipolar disorder, also known as Manic Depression is a condition that causes serious shifts in mood, energy, thinking, and behavior. Bipolar is more than just fleeting good or bad moods. The cycle of bipolar disorder can last for days, weeks, or even months. Unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder can be so intense that they interfere with the ability to function. The exact cause of bipolar has not been determined, bit it appears to be hereditary. The first manic or depressive episodes often happen during the teenage years or early adulthood. Many people with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed because the symptoms can often be subtle and confusing. There are three different types of bipolar disorder. Bipolar I Disorder (mania or a mixed episode) is the classic manic-depressive form of the illness. Bipolar II Disorder (hypomania and depression) is when the person doesn 't experience full-blown manic episodes. Instead, the illness involves episodes of hypomania and depression. Lastly, Cyclothymia (hypomania and mild depression) is a milder form of bipolar disorder that consists of cyclical mood swings. However, the symptoms are less severe than full-blown mania or depression. It is believed that people with bipolar can’t get better or lead a normal life, but this couldn 't be further from the truth. Actually, many people with
Bipolar Disorder, or BD, is defined by Whitbourne and Halgin (2013) as a disorder wherein individuals experience “intense and very disruptive” euphoric moods, and sometimes episodes of major depression (p. 179). Individuals with Bipolar are often highly creative and intelligent, but lack self esteem and often exhibit behavioral problems and problems in their personal relationships (Benti, Manicavasagar, Proudfoot, and Parker, 2013). In addition, those with Bipolar can often experience high levels of irritability, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, even when not in the throws of a depressive or manic episode (Benti et al., 2013). In order to be diagnosed with BD, at least three of the following manic criteria must be present for at least a week: “inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than normal, racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal-oriented activity or psychomotor agitation, or excessive involvement in high-risk behaviors or endeavors” (Whitbourne & Halgin, 2013, p. 179).
One of the things that causes bipolar disorder are genetics/family history. People with certain genes are more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder. As stated by the Seven Hills Hospital. “ Estimates have been provided that state that when a child has one parent who has bipolar disorder, he or she is 15%-25% more likely to develop the illness as well. However, bipolar disorder has also been known to develop in individuals who do not have a similar family history. (Np). This shows that there is a pretty high chance of one developing this disorder, if a family member already has it. Another cause of this disorder is the environment that one lives in. Two of the things that contribute to the onset of this disorder are substance abuse or suffering from severe trauma. Those are some of the different things that can cause or onset bipolar
In the world of mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the most common mental health disorders, however, with proper treatment; the sufferer can go on to live a normal and useful life.
Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected by traumatic stressors that happen in daily life, bipolar disorder has definitive treatment which applies solely to this specific disorder. Bipolar Disorder, as noted in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, is ranked Internationally as the 18th
Bipolar disorder is a very serious disabling illness, with its extreme mood swings from depression to mania. Bipolar used to be called manic depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is very serious and can cause risky behavior, even suicidal tendencies. Some patients are frequently underdiagnosed, with some individuals living 8 to 10 years before obtaining proper treatment (Varcarolis, 2009). It can be treated with therapy and medication, but if not treated it can lead to, damaged relationships, social life and careers. Treatment for bipolar disorder most often includes a combination of a stabilizing drugs and psychotherapy. Although drug treatment is primary, ongoing psychotherapy is important to help patients’ better cope with the condition. This illness requires lifetime monitoring.
In terms of biological dimension bipolar disorder commonly runs in families although they have been searching for specific genes such as building blocks of DNA inside all the cells and it may upturn a person’s chance of developing illness. (Lau & Eley, 2010) detailed relatives that have mood disorder might incline the chances of having the same mood effects. It also means that these influences how the body and mind work and grow possibly passed down through generations and create a higher potential in developing Bipolar disorders. (NIMH Genetics Workgroup, 1992) studies of identical twins mentioned that if one twin has bipolar disorder, then the other twin is more likely to develop the illness than another sibling. The brain structure and functioning also plays a role in the causes of bipolar disorder. According to Davidson (1993) verified that depressed individuals has a bigger right sided anterior activation of their brains especially in the prefrontal cortex than no depressed individual. This shows that individuals that have a higher depression may fall into mania episodes because of the acute change in mood and energy. In a psychological way Bipolar disorder may arise from stressful life events. A number of issues like a negative stressful events such as striving to achieve important goals in life trigger mania in a weak individuals. Goodwin & Jamison (2007) claimed that some
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) describes BDII as an instability of mood categorized by the lifetime prevalence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Generally speaking, a major depressive episode consists of a depressed or consistent low mood for a period of at least two weeks. A hypomanic episode on the other hand, consists of a period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 4 consecutive days. Both episodes generally cause serious implications on the individual’s daily living in regards to social, academic, and work environments.