Treatment Of Pain Management For Post Operative Patients

The pre-operative stage is an important phase in patient’s surgery process. This is the time where the patients is experiencing a lot of anxiety issues and have questions regarding the impending procedure. To help ensure good patient outcomes, it is imperative to provide complete preoperative instructions and discharge instructions (Allison & George, 2014). It is the nurses’ duty to safe guard and protects the patient’s welfare during the surgical experience. Effective preoperative preparation is known to enhance postoperative pain management and recovery. Health professionals need to be cognizant of the contextual factors that influence patients’ preoperative experiences and give context appropriate care (Aziato & Adejumo, 2014).

According to surveys, up to 80% of patients reported moderate to severe post-surgical pain, which can sometimes be left undertreated (Sinatra et al., 2005). Postoperative pain is generally managed with opioids, which carry numerous side effects. Side effects can be bothersome and possibly cause a delay in the postoperative healing process (Beard, Leslie, & Nemeth, 2011). IV acetaminophen can possibly decrease opioid consumption, minimize side effects, increase patient satisfaction, and decrease costs (Wininger et al., 2010). The purpose of this paper is to dive further into the research to present data on the effectiveness of IV acetaminophen in decreasing opioid usage and whether it produces an additive effect causing more effective pain management in the postop patient.

According to The World Health Organisation (1999), defined pain as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is traditionally described as acute or chronic pain. The prevalence of chronic pain (CP) is higher than of acute of pain, as it affects 7.8 million people of all ages in the UK (Chronic Pain Policy Coalition., 2006). The current leading cause of mortality that is accounting for 60% of all deaths is due to chronic diseases and is also a problem as causes an increasing burden on the health care service (World Health Organisation., 2007). CP can affect a person’s quality of life if managed poorly, statistics shows that 25% of people lose their job and 22% leads to depression. (Chronic Pain Policy Coalition.,

Despite recent advances in information regarding perioperative care, postoperative pain continues to go undermanaged. Postoperative pain is the pain patients experience after a surgical procedure. According to Gan, 80% of all people who undergo surgeries experience postoperative pain, and 75% of them rate their pain at a moderate, severe, or extreme level (as cited by Cooney, 2016). Furthermore, inadequately managed pain can lead to patient dissatisfaction, decreased patient outcomes, and overall higher cost of care (Penprase, Brunetto, Dahmani, Forthoffer & Kapoor, 2015). In order to provide higher quality pain management,

The first 48 hours of pain analysis and treating the pain of the patient to the hospice (or end-of-life patient in any other stetting) are crucial. However, the patient may be unable to speak and articulate his pain, or may be able to inadequately express the symptoms. One of the major concerns for those who are at the end of life is

In some cases, pain management is provided by an interdisciplinary team which may include physician, psychology, physical and occupational therapy, pharmacy, social work, massage therapy, acupuncture, and nurses (Mackey, 2015). In interdisciplinary approach, therefore, psychological and physical therapies are integrated in the pain management regime. Because of the increasing accept¬ability of nonpharmacological pain management therapies, there is a need evaluate their effectiveness (Jibb et el, 2015). Nurses have a unique opportunity to enhance the use of these therapies because of their role in patient care coordination and they are also in direct contact with patients more than other disciplines (Alaloul et el, 2015).

when pain scores were greater than 5 on a 0-10 pain scale scoring system. In addition to

The management of postoperative pain has received much interest nowadays. The intensity of postoperative pain depends on many factors such as type and duration of the surgery, type of anesthesia and analgesia used, and the patient’s mental and emotional status (11).

Multimodal or balanced analgesic techniques involving the use of smaller doses of opioids in combination with non-opioid analgesic drugs (eg, local anesthetics, ketamine, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs) are becoming increasingly popular approaches to preventing pain after surgery [36]. There is evidence showing the benefits of multimodal analgesic techniques, but major surveys have reported that these techniques are underused in clinical practice [37]. Multimodal analgesia is achieved by combining different analgesics that act by different mechanisms at different sites in the nervous system, reducing the incidence of side effects owing to the lower doses of the individual drugs. In our study from all the prescribed analgesics only 23 (19.2%) charts were done according to the multimodal pain management for postoperative pain where as the remaining 97 (80.8%) prescriptions were not in accordance with MAPP (Table

basic human right). The goal of using this pain management strategy are to reduce postoperative

Postoperative anxiety among patients is very common and is often ignored. Anxiety is best described as subjective unpleasant feelings such as unease, worry, dread, and apprehension over something that is unlikely to happen (Sigdel, 2015). Patients may be anxious during the postoperative stages because they are facing the unknown and have a lot of uncertainty about the outcome of surgery, financial loss during recovery, separation from loved ones, and dealing with postoperative complications (Goldsworthy, Goodridge, & Lewis, 2013). Postoperative anxiety can occur in any patient undergoing surgery and can cause increased stress levels within the patient which can cause an increased difficult time with postoperative healing and pain management

According to the research by Ruiz-Suarez & Barber (2008), one of the best ways to positively impact the outcome of surgery, especially in terms of pain management, involves this psychosocial strategy. According to the study, "efforts at postoperative pain reduction should begin preoperatively with the establishment of an excellent patient/physician relationship. Adequate counseling as to the nature of the condition and what the procedure entails should be provided." (Ruiz-Suarez & Barber, p. 3)

For patients, there are many safe options to help with pain and the process of healing. Users can choose between a number of pain therapy options that fits their needs. When choosing an item to help with pain management, users should consider these things...

Most of patients are hoping to see well without spectacle or contact lenses. So in last years the refractive surgery increased in patients dissatisfied with spectacles and contact lenses either due to quality of vision, cosmetic appearance or difficulties in contact lenses wearing and its complications. corneal surgeries like corneal ablation ( photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis LASIK) and different types of phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation either in the anterior or posterior chamber and the anterior chamber either iris claw or angle fixation IOL aim to correct s refractive errors in myopic patients [1,2].

Before 1846 there weren’t any truly effective methods of pain control during surgical operations. However, methods of relieving pain, inducing drowsiness, and provoking stupor, have been used all over the world since the beginning of ancient civilizations. Plants like opium, cannabis, and mandragora were used in ancient times as drugs that relived general and procedural pain. There are ancient Chinese legends like Pien ch’iao and Hua T’o, whose stories resemble early ideas of anesthesia. Pien Ch’iao was said to have used anesthesia to perform heart transplants. Hua T’o legend was said to have “used a wine containing a certain effervescent powder which, upon ingestion, caused insensibility to pain” (1). In the