Treg Cell Research

The medical practice of organ transplantation has grown by leaps and bounds over the last 50 years. Each year the medical profession takes more risk with decisions regarding transplants, how to allocate for organs, and most recently conducting transplants on children with adult organs. “An organ transplantation is a surgical operation where a failing or damaged organ in the human body is removed and replaced with a new one” (Caplan, 2009). Not all organs can be transplanted. The term “organ transplant” typically refers to transplants of solid organs: heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and intestines. There are two ways of receiving an organ transplant: from a living human or an organ from a

These cells are recombinant receptors that have been developed specifically for this purpose. These CARs are usually composed of an extracellular antigen recognition receptor that is attached by a spacer to a transmembrane domain. Around these transmembrane domains could be additional domains that function as co-stimulator to produce a further immune response. In a normal t-cell, there is a requirement of an MHC molecule to bind and recognize the antigen, however, the CAR T-cells are capable of overcoming the limitation. So CAR T-cells are able to bind directly and independent of this system allowing the cell to read a much diverse pool.

Patients who underwent this procedure had to remain on immunosuppressive drugs for about 6 months to prevent the recipient’s immune system from destroying the donor cell. One out of seven patients that had this procedure done had a relapse because they stopped taking their immunosuppressant drug during the critical stage of treatment. This treatment has proven successful, but there still remains the concern of tissue rejection and other complication. Nevertheless, this approach still provides encouragement for people suffering with the disease.

Describe two of the four varieties of grafts (autografts, isografts, allografts, and xenografts) and the steps taken to lessen graft rejections.

In December of 1954, the first human organ transplant was performed in the United States between identical twin brothers. In the past sixty years, organ transplantation has become the gold standard in the treatment of organ failure from a number of underlying causes with dramatic improvements to recipients’ health and quality of life (Kaserman, 2007). From the first kidney transplant in 1954 to the late 1980’s, one of the biggest advancements was the use of cadaver organs. Organ rejection was the primary concern from the transplant team who knew that the use of cadaver organs posed higher risks of failure.

Throughout time Organ transplanting has been an important medical procedure that has been present, not only in the United States, but around the globe. It is the process of surgically removing an organ from on patient and then transplanting it into the other. This practice is usually used when a recipient’s own organ fails to function properly or has

Another health problem that treatment with embryonic stem cells can cause is tissue rejection. As is the case with current organ transplantation procedures, embryonic stem cells are harvested from many people all who possess a unique set of genes; therefore, the stem cells are not genetically matched for each patient (Herold 48-49). The difference in genetics causes the body to reject the tissue and the immune system begins to attack the transplanted tissue like it would a virus or bacteria in an attempt to remove the perceived threat. To avoid the implanted tissues being rejected by the body, doctors must prescribe immune suppression drugs that must be taken for the remainder of the patient’s life, even with these drugs the tissue may still be rejected and

The development of transplant surgeries has been created to help thousands of people. Scientists experimented with organ transplants for many years before they reached a breakthrough. The first successful transplant surgery took place many years ago. There were thousands people who suffered from illnesses that could be cured with a transplant surgery. The development of transplant surgeries impact the world in many ways through the uses of technique, medicine, and technology.

The other challenge to transplanting organs is the body’s immune system rejecting the procedure because it is unnatural to it. The body’s immune system is set up to defend the body against any foreign disease-causing bacteria, viruses and or fungi. A procedure like this is alienated by the body at time because it

The demand for an organ transplant continues to grow and when an organ becomes available there are multiple precautions to take to make sure the body does not reject the organ. The certain anti-rejection (immunosuppressant) medication that needs to be taken before a transplant to decrease the body’s immune response from attacking a foreign object (the transplant organ). The medication also lowers the immune system. Therefore, the immune system does not cause the body to reject the organ. Statists have shown, that up twenty percent of patients that get an organ transplant, experience one out of the three organ rejections.

The Donor Alliance Transplantation Science program has enjoyed incredible success during the past five years – the number of students reached has doubled and the program has received praise for its content and presentation. However, there is room for improvement and overcoming potential issues.

There are many cases of allogeneic organ transplants being susceptible to rejection by being attacked by the recipient's immune system. Growing an organ from human tissue in another species increases the chances of rejection and might lead to several other complications that have not yet been considered nor are fully understood.

The adaptive immune response utilizes T-Lymphocytes, in particular CD4+ T Cell (T Helper Cells) and CD8+ T Cell (T Cytotoxic Cells), B-Cells, Natural Killer (NK Cells), macrophages and Dendritc Cells (DC) in response to a viral infection. All of these cells act as a conduit for the innate and adaptive immune systems. The activation of T and B-cells is the beginning of the adaptive immune response that involves a specific, memory-induced response. . T-Lymphocytes have four types: T-Helper Cells (CD4+),

The article provides evidence that establishes the idea that immunosuppressive drugs have injurious side effects on the body such as cancer and the body’s increased susceptibility to infection. The reason for this occurrence is due to the mechanical administration of the drugs systematically. Systematical circulation of the drug implies that the entire immune response is inhibited so that not only is the transplanted graft not susceptible to t-cell recognition and thus protected from rejection, but also it impairs the normal immunoregulatory processes of the adaptive and innate immune systems. Additional issues discussed in the article include that immunosuppressive drugs are not very effective and they must be given in high doses because very little of the drug goes to the primary location where the donor graft meets the endothelium of the recipient. For this reason, the study discusses a group of researchers’ design of a more effective and safe immunosuppressive drug using nano-therapeutic micelles. The drug Rapamycin is very effective in inhibiting the cellular alloimmune response associated with chronic allograft vasculopathy and thus chronic rejection. However, it is rarely used clinically because it is known to induce horrific side effects and is typically intolerable in both transplant recipients and donors. The study

Transplantation (organ and hematopoietic) began in the early 20th century1. Several studies published between 1949-1953 139-141 documented that organs removed and immediately transplanted back into the same individual (autotransplants) were not rejected. However, organs from genetically different animals but from the same species (allografts) would eventually fail several days after transplantation. After the identification of the antigens that comprise the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) in the 1960’s, transplantation between genetically different individuals became feasible 1. In the veterinary medical field, it was