Triiodothyronine (T3) And Thyroxine

Week 3 – LOM Assignment The thyroid is responsible for taking iodine and converting it into thyroid hormones which are released into the blood stream and transported throughout the body where they control metabolism.1 The thyroid is a vital part of the human body as every cell in the body depends on it for metabolic regulation. Too much or too little thyroid hormone secretion can result in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is caused when the thyroid secretes too many thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism causes a rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure and tremors. Other symptoms include increased nervousness, inability to concentrate, weakness, restlessness, difficulty sleeping, frequent bowel movements, weight loss and irregular

The endocrine system is the second greatest control system of the body and has many effects on the tissues and organs. The thyroid gland, which is a part of the endocrine system, releases a hormone that maintains metabolism. This hormone is thyroxine. Thyroxine production is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone, which is released by the pituitary gland. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. In this experiment, the effects of TSH and thyoxine on metabolic rate are investigated.

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine

Graves’ disease, also known as hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when antibodies overstimulate thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Hyperstimulation of TSH receptors leads to an increased amount of circulating triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). An increased production of T3 and T4 lead to an increased metabolic rate. This can lead to clinical manifestations of diaphoresis, heat intolerance, increased cardiac output, tachycardia, exophthalmos and weight loss. If untreated, hyperthyroidism can turn into a thyrotoxic crisis, triggered by stressful events. Thyrotoxic crisis exceeds the metabolic strains on the body. Clinical manifestations such as hyperthermia, tachycardia, and heart failure can lead to death within forty-eight

Thyroid Function Tests: The thyroid’s job is to make thyroid hormones, which are secreted into the blood and the carried to every tissue in the body. The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 as it contains four iodine atoms. T4 is converted to T3 (triodothyronine) by removal of iodine atom. It occurs mainly in liver and in brain. The amount of T4 produced is controlled by another hormone which is made in the pituitary gland located at the base of brain, called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The amount of TSH is in the blood depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary sees. If the pituitary sees very little T4, then it produces more TSH to tell thyroid gland to produce more T4.When T4 in the bloodstream goes above a certain level, the pituitary’s production of TSH is shut off. The thyroid and pituitary act like heater and a thermostat. If it’s cold the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. Thus, the thyroid and pituitary, like heater turn on and off. T4 and T3 circulate almost entirely proteins, and when these proteins change their level in the blood, there is change in T4 and T3 levels.

The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes

- The use of thyroid hormone to increase the metabolic rate of the body's energy. Resulted in increased muscle protein degradation palpitations or irregular heart beat and so on.

The thyroid is unique in a way that it absorbs iodine from blood. The hormones secreted from the thyroid gland are used regulate metabolism in the body. These thyroid hormones control the conversion of absorbed nutrients into energy that is used throughout the entire body. By doing so, these hormones are responsible for controlling metabolism in cells from all parts of the body. If a dysfunction of the thyroid gland were to occur, this could cause a change in the amount of hormones produced and secreted by the thyroid, which would then in turn, affect the body’s ability to regulate the metabolic

The central effects of hyperthyroidism are most pronounced in development. Cerebral circulation and oxygen consumption elevate. "In hyperthyroidism, Beta-adrenergic binding sites in the cerebral cortex increases and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding sites are decreases." (Bucurescu,2014). Brain levels of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and substance P are altered. Native pain sensitivity and number of opiate receptors are increases. Thyroid hormones affect myelination, therefore increased levels lead to oxidative damage to the myelin membrane and/or the oligodendroglial cells. The neurological manifestation is primarily due to the effect of thyroid hormones on other neurotransmitters, hormones, and generalized increased basal metabolic rate. Some of the neurological symptoms are:

The four parathyroid are usually found in the back of the thyroid but anatomically, they have no related function. The thyroid gland regulates the body's metabolism and the parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels and have no effect on metabolism. the four parathyroid travel from the head area down to the lower neck. A calcium balance will benefit the heart, the kidneys, the nervous system, and the bones. Low calcium levels can lead to heart, bone, and neural disease.

“The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam's apple. Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.” -http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/basics/definition/con-20043551

Hyperthyroidism is when your thyroid makes too much thyroid hormone, the thyroid is a gland that is placed in front of your neck. It Controls your your metabolism, which is what your body uses to turn food into energy. It can also impact your heart, muscles, bones and cholesterol. Having too much thyroid can make a lot of things in your body go faster. You might lose weight faster, have a faster heartbeat, sweat a lot more, feel more nervous and more moody. Or you might not have many symptoms at all. Hyperthyroidism can be easily treated with treatment, you can lead a healthy life. The main way to treat hyperthyroidism is to take medications, without treatment hyperthyroidism can lead to serious heart problems, bone problems and a dangerous

When we think of well-oiled machines, it is safe to say the human body can be classified in that category. The human body works as a system with the cells, blood, organs, and muscles just to name a small portion. When organs or organ systems are not working properly it affects other things in the body. Even the smallest of glands or ducts out of order can cause great havoc in the body. The thyroid gland touches almost every system in the human body so when not working properly can cause issues within all the systems that it touches. As we explore what the thyroid can do in the body, please also understand what happens when it does not work properly.

Hyperthyroidism is a disorder also referred to as an overactive thyroid. This is a condition where the thyroid develops a growth and produces excess amounts of triiodothyronine and other thyroid hormones. The disorder occurs when the elevated serum amounts of T3 and T4 enters the glands. This is one of the most common forms of hyperthyroidism. The major causes of hyperthyroidism are an excess secretion of thyroid hormones together with increased functioning of metabolism in the peripheries of the glands. Historically, hyperthyroidism has not been known for a good amount of time. The symptoms that result in the disorder are often hard to depict. It was until the disorder was discovered among patients that the problem was studied and analyzed for treatment and prevention (Preedy et al 2009).

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland positioned on the front of the neck. Its job is to produce thyroid hormones that the body needs for the endocrine, metabolic, and other systems of the body. Sometimes, it can be affected by cancer, infections, or disease. This will cause it to not function at its best, which means it will either produce too much or too little thyroid hormones. When it is too little, this is called “hypothyroidism.”