Trivers-Willard Hypothesis: Article Analysis

A common, threatening event in women who are bearing children and are undernourished is the result of premature birth, which creates yet another problem among the impoverished. According to Tanner and Finn-Stevenson, premature babies are highly vulnerable to health complications because they are unable to perform biological functions such as breathing and sucking independently (2002). Also they found that premature infants process information at a slower rate and have a lower intelligence level as well as having more learning problems in school than full-term infants (Tanner and Finn-Stevenson, 2002). In one study done by Chavez, Martinez, and Yaschine in 1975 of Mexican infants in poverty, out of two groups of newborns, one group was supplemented with powdered milk, vitamins, and minerals, while the diet of the other group consisted of prolonged breastfeeding (Tanner and Finn-Stevenson, 2002). In that particular community breastfeeding was resulting in malnutrition of the infants receiving the breast milk due to the poor diets that their mothers were ingesting. The results of this test showed that after eighteen months the mothers of the supplemented infants initiated more complex interactions with their offspring than the

Michelle, R.A., (2013) The effects of maternal nutrition on fetal psychological development. International Journal of Childbirth Education.28.3:p90.

The group’s first album, Life, reached Billboard’s chart of top 10 gospel albums including the songs, No Way and Everything. Their next album, Victory Live!, hit the number one spot in the gospel album chart and also number one in the with the song, Victory.

It is said that breastfeeding is the best food source possible for infants, and that it is the most cost effective way to improve the health of both child and mother, while having the ability to lower rates of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases (Simard et al, 2005). One of their objectives throughout the years since 1995, was to establish the reason behind diminishing rates of lower income women in Quebec, who choose not to breastfeed their children despite the benefits of breastfeeding outweighing the negative effects. Florence Nightingale’s theory fits within establishing the promotion and understanding as to why some women decide not to breastfeed, as part of her theory believed in the role that the environment plays on our health and decisions regarding it (Alligood & Marriner-Tomey, 2013). It was said that one must move past understanding the person and look more into the environment they are placed within (Pirani, 2016). In the case of the Canadian Prenatal Nutrition Program’s decision, to study this in order to reach the optimal nutrition to a group of women and children shows the influence Nightingale’s theory had on modern day programs. By studying a group of low income women in Quebec who showed the most diminish rates of breastfeeding and instead of focusing on the women individually; the program is able to find external factors

Kids are important to life and its existence, it is a natural thing. Our world must face all the moral that comes with it. This involve mothers to feed their babies through breastfeeding at any given time and at any place. The moment woman has a baby, she is faced with many decisions. One of the significant decision is whether to breastfeed her child. Almost everyone will suggest that breastfeeding has many benefits. These benefits are for the breastfeeding mothers, the babies, and for the economy.

Let us first examine the apparent effect of mother’s marital status during childbearing on infants’ weight by running a simple regression analysis where we use “married” as a dummy variable and child’s birth weight as a dependent variable. We have the following results:

It is shown that the longer the duration of breastfeeding, the less likely they are to develop these health issues (Godfrey, Lawrence 1598).

R/s according to Trisita, she has an old prescription for Xanax. R/s a prescription cannot be verified. R/s Trisita didn’t received prenatal care. R/s Trisita will be discharged tomorrow and the baby will be discharged on 07/26/2017.

Natural selection, together with the rules of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, stand at the basis of modern evolutionary biology.

Sexual reproduction has caused monogamy in some species. In these species, it is essential for the father to help raise the young, but the father won’t help unless he believes that the

Poor parents are less likely to monitor their children's diet, diet patterns and physical activity due to stress and time constraints if they work. Parents who work full-time are less able to monitor their children due to a decrease in maternal presence and availability during the day. Studies shows that poor people who move out of low-income housing into better neighborhoods are much less likely to have diabetes or be obese than people who stay behind in poor neighborhoods. Studies suggests that not only the financial burned of poverty contributes to obesity but the surroundings or type of area that an individual lives in adds to the complication. (Committee on Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity. National academic Press. ) (2005) Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: Focus on Schools. Retrieved from the National academic Press, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/devry/Doc?id=10115249&ppg=11

Biological determinism as stated by Gould, states “that shared behavioral norms, and the social and economic differences between human groups-primarily races, classes, and sexes-arise from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of biology” (Gould, p.52). He explains this idea further through his explanation of how biological determinism can be measured or assigned based on the craniometry, which is the size of the skull, for at the time it was believed that the larger the skull, the more intelligent that individual was. This explanation became one of the earliest works connected to scientific racism. Gould, believed that during this time many scientists used their own prejudices, and bias’s when concluding their research, such as the work of French anthropologist, Paul Broca, who stated that “the small brains of women” concluded that men were to be regarded as more intelligent, as well as, above women, however, although women did prove this prejudice to be wrong with “their talents and their diplomas”, they were still “opposed by numbers” (Gould, p. 58). “Biological determinism is, in its essence, a theory of limits” for it states that people who are at the bottom are basically biologically inferior, which is reflected in their social status (Gould, p. 60). Both Darwin and Mendel contributed to biological determinism and scientific racism, is that both opened the doors to new anthropological scientific

In his article defending procreative beneficence, Julian Savulescu argues that “couples…should select the child, of the possible children they could have, who is expected to have the best life, or at least as good a life as the others, based on the relevant, available information” (2001, 413). In this article, I argue that Savulescu’s conclusion introduces complications which challenge its practical application. These complications can be outlined as follows: a) what is best, in terms of non-disease character traits, is subject to change and irrationality; and b) unfettered selection by reproducers may have profound and unknown impacts on human populations. Accordingly, private, unrestrained genetic selection must be banned in the United States, with research permitted under careful oversight.

It wasn't until 1975 that scientist Ronald J. Ericsson, Ph.D. began studies that eventually led to what we refer to today as sex selection and/ or pre- selection. He began his determination by studying whether or not enriched sperm would aid in the offspring of a desired gender. This process was first established in the 1970s in which scientists stained X and Y sperm in order to identify them. Thorough studies have been accumulated during the last three decades due to an increase in the perceived need for a "balanced family" and "planned pregnancy" in regards to the "chosen baby." Sex selection and/or pre-selection, despite one's preference of gender, is a scientifically

The children found less time in playing with their mothers than those who did not work. Children engaged in less physical activities were at greater risk of higher body mass index (Cawley and Liu 2007). Guo et al (2002) stated that according to U.S. research 59 percent of boys and 45 percent of girls who were overweight at the age of three years, would be overweight at thirty five years of age. Bradley et al (2008) showed in their study that higher BMI (body mass index) was associated with more behavior problems and lower academic achievement during middle and late childhood. Mcdonnell and Doyle (2014) examined that preschool children of well educated mothers had an increased risk of childhood overweight and obesity. Benjamin et al (2009) found that informal child care in early years had a determined effect on risk of overweight during childhood.