Tropical Tropopause

From the CER maps (Figure 9), it can be observed that in 2013 ISMR the entire region had witnessed high CER values while other years were partially cover by cloud drops of different radii. The high rainfall intensity during 2013 ISMR could be the manifestation of the high CER values observed during that year compared to the other years (Figure 12). However, the low CER values in the other years can be seen in conjugation with high aerosol loading during that period. Similar trend is also observed in LWP plots for the study area during 2012-15 ISMR (Fig 13). It is evident from the figure 9 that LWP varies from low to high values over the region while, it is more homogeneous in 2014 and 2015 ISMR. The OLR was considerably

Natural disasters occurring from the climate change could be on the rise. Global warming has been rumored to be causing more hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones, heavier monsoonal rains that cause major flooding, mud slides, and other disasters worldwide. A tropical cyclone, also referred to as hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones, depending on where in the world the cyclone is occurring, are one of the world’s grandest shows of energy provided by nature. Hurricanes are large, swirling, low pressure storms that have sustained winds of over 74 miles an hour and are formed over warm ocean waters (NASA, n.d.). The purpose of this paper is to discuss hurricanes

Graumann, Axel. Hurricane Katrina. [Electronic Resource] : A Climatological Perspective : Preliminary Report. Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service, National Climatic Data Center, [2006], 2006. Technical report: no. 2005-01. EBSCOhost,

St. Louis falls into the mellow midlatitude atmosphere gathering, and this is a district loaded with air mass complexities (Hess, 2011). These differentiations cause a mixture of unsettling influences in the air leaving St. Louis with an assortment of climate (Hess, 2011). The summers have a tendency to have more precipitation with the coastal stream and incessant convection (Hess, 2011). However winter can encounter rain and periodic snow due to midlatitude typhoons (Hess, 2011).

Chapter four of our textbook, while making the aspect of physical geography a priority concerning weather and climate, take special care in introducing the topic of hurricanes as well as changes in air pressure and ocean currents. Hurricanes can be described as low-pressure areas which begin over warm waters. As they develop, hot, humid air at the surface rises which aids in the suction of air. This causes cumulonimbus clouds to appear. The energy these clouds release warms the center which contributes to the distinctively calm core commonly referred to as the eye.

A large area of very cold cloud-tops developed over and just southeast of the center of the storm, and convective banding wrapping into the mass began to form, mainly in the north and east semicircles.[18] Though the cloud pattern became elongated north to south during the pre-dawn hours of the following day,[19] a rapid improvement of the inner core on microwave and the structure on satellite imagery became apparent. A timely AMSU pass indicated an eyewall nearly closed with an accompanying intensity estimate of 77 mph (124 km/h), and a transient eye became visible on early morning satellite images. As a result, the National Hurricane Center upgraded Cosme to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[20] Given the light wind shear, warm sea surface temperature, and moist air environment, the agency predicted further intensification for the following hours, and the system attained its peak intensity with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 981 mbar (hPa; 28.97 inHg) late on June 25.[21] Thereafter, a result of cooler sea surface temperatures forecast several days in advance, convection on the west side of the circulation center began to erode significantly.[22] The tropical storm wind radii expanded the following morning, but the inner core of Cosme, specifically the

The effect of rainpower is actually a negative feedback loop, as increased sea surface temperatures cause more water vapour, which leads to more rain, and consequently lessens hurricane intensity. Sabuwala et al (2015) used tailored versions of the Carnot-heat-engine

The Hadley cells are thermally driven, direct circulations in the tropical atmosphere between 30N and 30S which conserve

The primary process responsible for cooling the sea surface under a hurricane is vertical mixing. Vertical mixing occurs because the hurricane’s surface winds exert a stress on the ocean surface due to friction, generating ocean currents in the oceanic mixed layer. Vertical shear of the currents in the upper ocean then leads to turbulence. If so how and with what can it be predicted with? Hurricane can be predictable but it do not admit the possibility of being timely anticipated beyond about four days but it is known that the tool to establish analytically the fundamental features of a hurricane such as the intensity of the winds also using dynamic maps in which it is possible to identify scales, Temperatures and intensities of the wind gusts.

Caption: Evolution relative to LMI of the climatological background temperature in hurricane-strength TCs between ±35° of latitude.

Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons play a major role in coastal disasters and could prove even more disastrous with the effects of climate change. Hurricanes form as warm moist air begins to rise over the sea surface and leaves a gap of low pressure underneath. High pressure air then fills this gap, heats up, and then rises again. This creates the cyclonic action (“How Hurricanes Form”, 2017). These types of events require a minimum sea surface temperature of 26.5 degrees Celsius, or roughly 80 degrees Fahrenheit and a depth of at least 60m (Michener et al, 1997) and as the temperature increases globally as does the possible effect on hurricanes.

Figure 2 shows the radially averaged horizontal temperature structure in TCs inferred from AMSU-A data at first LMI with a horizontal resolution of ~70 km and a vertical resolution of ~1-3 km. Anomalies are with respect to the temperature observed at 600 km away from storm center at each height. The UT warming bulges upward near storm center where the convective activity is strongest. Relative to the chosen background, the LS cooling occurs at 17 km above sea level or about 100 mb as shown in Koteswaram [1967] and at about 200 km away from storm center, which is outward from the typical radius of the eye (15-30 km, [Weatherford and Gray, 1987]) and from the

The spatial distributions of accumulated rainfall from gauge measurements, GSMaP_NRT (GSMaP, hereafter), CMORPH, and PERSIANN-CCS (CCS, hereafter) are different from each other in the three storms (Figure 2). GSMaP shows similar spatial patterns of precipitation with gauge observations, but failed to capture the intense rainfall centers indicated by the red letters in all storms. CMORPH has similar spatial patterns with GSMaP in all storms, and successfully captures the rainfall centers in the second and third storms. CMORPH rainfall intensity agrees well with gauge observations in the second storm, but still considerably underestimates the rainfall intensity center in the third storm. CCS also misplaced the intense rainfall areas, and

Meteorological Services to International Air Navigation is on a global scale regulated by two specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN): the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The WMO “is the UN system 's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth 's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources”(VWO, n.d) and (Yan, 2010). Via the Aeronautical Meteorology Program (AeMP) the WMOs objective is to warrant a global reliable availability of timely, cost effective and high quality meteorological services to aviation (VWO, n.d). The WMO provides relevant regulations in the Technical Regulations (WMO-No.49) Volume II for Meteorological Service to International Air Navigation. This publication is nearly identical to ICAOs Annex 3 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (WMO 2015). In addition to the Technical Regulations the WMO creates and provides documentation on how to implement the standard and recommended practices to its members on how to use meteorological instruments at aeronautical meteorological

A tropical cyclone is a force of Mother Nature that in most cases can leave towns and cities extremely devastated from the destruction. Tropical Cyclones are storms that spin in a clockwise direction and have low-pressure midpoints. In order for a Tropical Cyclone to form there are two main variables, the earth’s revolution and heat. As the ocean reaches at least 27°C, the water then begins to evaporate creating a storm cloud. The greatest factor being the rotation of the earth, forces the storm to begin spinning and to move in a forward direction. The centre of the storm is called “The Eye”; this is where it is completely still. There is system in place to categorized using the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.