Trypsin Test Lab Report

The protein molecules in many foods provide the amino acid building blocks required by our own cells to produce new proteins. To determine whether a sample contains protein, a reagent called Biuret solution is used. Biuret solution contains copper ions. However, the chemical state of the copper ions in Biuret solution causes them to form a chemical complex with the peptide bonds between amino acids (when present), changing the color of the solution. Biuret solution is normally blue, but changes to pink when short peptides are present and to violet when long polypeptides are present.

Proteins are the basis of the protoplasm (fluid living content of the cell that contains the cytoplasm and cell nucleus) and are found in all living organisms. Proteins make up the bulk of animals body’s non-skeletal structure. As enzymes, they catalyze biochemical reactions; as antibodies, they prevent the effects of invading organisms; and as hormones, they control metabolic processes (C. Bissonnette, 2011). The Biuret test was used to detect the presence of peptide bonds within proteins, and they were found present in test tube #9 (control for peptide bonds).

Gelatin is observed to have a lower absorbance reading than lysozyme in only the Bradford assay, while in the BCA assay gelatin was observed to have about the same absorbance as lysozyme. In Bradford assay, the color yield for proteins with higher content of tryptophan, tyrosine, or cysteine residue, will be higher. The observed protein sensitivities did not correlates with the amino acid content in the Bradford assay. As presented in Table I, the mole fractions of lysine and arginine in BSA were 10 mole percent and 4 mole percent, respectively. The sensitivity should have been higher in BSA than in the Bradford assy. However, the observed sensitivities did correlates with the amino acid contents in the BCA assay.

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

2. We measured 1 mL of turnip peroxidase (the enzyme) and 3 mL of neutral buffer (pH corresponding to the test tube number i.e. pH 5 in test tube 5) with a syringe and disposed it into tubes 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10

But protease is important in terms breaking down complex protein into amino acids (1). The food travels down through the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach plays an important role since it break down proteins with hydrochloric acid and protease. In class, we learned that the strong acid will help break down the peptide bond into amino acids while the protease speeds up and perform hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the proteins. The protein will break down into simpler amino acids. The food content in the stomach will eventually become chyme in which it is a thick, liquified digested food that will travel through small and large intestine (2). As the food travels through the small intestine, the muscular wall moves the food and absorbs the nutrients through the wall into the bloodstreams. The amino acids will be available for cell to build to whatever the body requires.

How should the unknown microscopic organisms be classified? The concept of the experiment was to conduct a systematic observation about the traits of unknown organisms, and classify them to the right group. Making detailed observations about the traits, made it possible to identify which cell the trait belonged to because different cells have different traits. Animal cells do not have a cell wall, and has one or more small vacuoles. Plant cells has a cell wall, rectangular (fixed shape), and has a chloroplasts. Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus to name a few.

ELISA works on the principle of an antigen binding to specific antibody (lock and key), which can be used as a way to identify quantities of proteins in a small sample of fluid. The specific proteins used in an ELISA are estimated quantitatively. The ELISA test is carried out by incubating the serum that contains the antigen of interest with antibody’s within a well, in order for the antibody’s to bind with the specific antigens. The plate is then washed with a mild detergent in order to remove any proteins that have not been bound. The washing of the plates is carried out between every step in order

In part II of the lab six small glass tubes were obtained in a test tube rack. Ten drops of distilled water were then added to test tube 1, five drops to tubes 2-4, and no drops in tubes 5 and 6. Five drops of 0.1M HCl were added to test tube 5 and five drops of 0.1M NaOH to test tube 6. Five drops of enzyme were then added to all tubes except tube 1. Tube 3 was then placed in the ice bucket and tube 4 was placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C for five minutes, the remaining tubes were left in the test tube rack. After the five minutes five drops of 1% starch was added to every tube and left to sit for ten minutes. After ten minutes five drops of DNSA were then added to all the tubes. All the tubes were then taken and placed in the

William Fung TA: Gayani Batugedara Bio 1LA, Monday 4-7pm Lab 5 Introduction: Enzymes Question #1: How does the concentration of substrate affect the reaction rate? 1. If the amount of concentration of substrate is increased, the reaction rate will be also be increased.

In the initial part of the experiment, the materials used were: cuvettes, broad-range pH paper, dry watch glass, a spectrophotometer, parafilm, transfer pipette, solution E (solution B and distilled water), sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, and solution D (enzyme ALP high concentration). The experiment was initiated by preparing solution E. Solution E was formed by adding 6.5 mL of distilled water (dH20) with 6.5 mL of solution B (para nitro phenolphosphate - pNPP). A total of four cuvettes were labeled control 1, acidic 2, neutral 3, and 4 basic (Wilson, et al 2015). Each cuvette contains a specific pH with the exception of the control cuvette as shown in Table

Some enzymes, like the ones in your gut, break down large molecules into smaller ones, making them easily absorbed by the body. Others, like the enzymes that make DNA, use small molecules to build up large complex ones. Enzymes also help cells to communicate with each other, keeping cell growth, life and death under control. The enzymes involved in respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis work inside cells. Other enzymes are produced by specialized cells and released from them. Different enzymes catalyse different digestion reactions. Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine. Amylase are produced in Salivary glands, pancreas, and the small intestine. Proteases catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. They are produced in the Stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Lipases catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. Lipases are produced in the pancreas and small intestine. Three of the most common enzymes are lipase that breaks down fats, protease that breaks down proteins, and carbohydrase that work to breaks down

2cm of a solution was tested and added 2 cm of 10% of potassium hydroxide solution and the test tube was shaked.

B) Proteins Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. Each protein folds into a characteristic three dimensional shape that is essential to its function. They perform a variety of functions in cells and are probably the most diverse macromolecule in living systems. The Biuret test detects the presence of proteins and short peptides (short chains of amino acids). Biuret reagent contains a strong solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a very small amount of dilute copper sulfate solution. The reagent changes color in the presence of a protein because the amino groups in the amino acids react with the copper ions producing a violet color. A negative result is blue.