Tuberculosis: A Case Study

respiratory is usually the portal of entry thus making the lungs the major site of infection.

Tuberculosis is not only an infectious disease; this disease also raises questions in regards to social awareness on the individual level on how it can affect each and every community around the world so differently. TB, this infectious disease, is not only a medical condition that needs to be treated yet it brings psychological approaches. Psychological approaches that include finding an improved management method so that the community affected is able to accept the issues and react to them. Finding the social factors by developing creative approaches within the complex society by utilizing the good intentions and interactions within the society. By properly approaching the disease to

The most common way of getting Tuberculosis is by breathing in respiratory droplets from the air that have been accumulated there by the process of another infected person coughing, sneezing, and or talking, ext., ext. The symptoms of Tuberculosis in the lungs is a cough, sputum, bleeding of the lungs, fever, night sweats, loss of weight, and weakness. TB tends to attack places with poor Public Health Services, and crowded living conditions as well as areas where it is disrupted by both natural and unnatural disasters (like war or flood). In the year is 1993 the W.H.O. declared TB Global Health Emergency.

Tuberculosis or Tubercle Bacillus, is a disease that primarily attacks the lungs. It can, however, target any other organ found in the body. Discovered by Nobel prize winner Robert Koch on March 24, 1882, in Berlin, Germany, this disease is the second largest in the world with only HIV in its path. Though there was a 45% drop in rates during the 1990’s till 2012, Tuberculosis is still a Killer in most countries.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) disease that typically targets the lungs, but can also infect other areas in the body, such as the spleen, heart, and brain (this is very rare, however). The transmission of TB can be passed on by a sneeze, cough or spit. Thus, propelling the bacteria to spread into the air, making nearby bystanders that inhale the bacteria infected, but the real danger is to those who are constantly around the infected person, those included could be family members, friends, and health care workers. Keep in mind, however, that TB is not spread by handshaking, sharing food or drinks, using the same toilet seat, and kissing. Some of the symptoms associated with TB include a cough that last more than three weeks, chest pain, coughing up blood or mucous, weakness or fatigue, loss of weight, loss of appetite, chills, fever, and night sweats.

Infectious diseases can attack the human body in many forms and varieties. Tuberculosis is one type of these infectious diseases that is a bacterial infection which spreads throughout the lymph nodes and within the bloodstream enabling it to affect all organs in the human body, commonly termed TB. TB is caused by the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The M. tuberculosis complex includes the species M. africanum, M. bovis, M. canettii, M. microti and M. tuberculosis, these can be broken up into numerous subspecies Though, it is commonly seen in the area of the respiratory system in the lungs and those infected, (due to the bacteria in tuberculosis is able to live in inactive form), causing one who has manifested the disease to not have symptoms. (What is Tuberculosis)

Tubercle bacillus, more commonly known as Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is contagious and airborne. TB is in many cases fatal, infectious disease caused by the strains of mycobacteria. Tuberculosis will typically infect the lungs, but is capable of spreading to other parts of the body. An infected individual can spread the infection by coughing, sneezing, laughing or otherwise transmit of respiratory fluids through the air. Tuberculosis ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1012, 8.6 million people fell ill with TB, including 1.1 million cases from individuals living with HIV. Within the same year, 1.3 million people died

Tuberculosis has been known since ancient times, under a variety of names in different historical periods. It has been confused with certain other disease, but its basic nature, namely, its wasting effect and its destructive character, has always been recognized. Until very recently it was known as the number-one killer of the human race. Men and women at all stages of life, but primarily between the ages of fifteen and thirty-five were subject to the disease. The infectious nature of Tuberculosis came to be recognized in early historical times. The prevailing view varied greatly with different people, depending on their beliefs and state of civilization, as usual, the wrath of the gods was brought into the picture as the proper explanation for the disease.

Tuberculosis; often referred to as the silent killer, is a highly infectious disease that is contracted annually by 9.3 million individuals globally, and causes 1.8 million deaths. It’s high mortality rate led to the formation of the American Lung Association in the United States in 1904, after it was declared the leading cause of death during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The origin of tuberculosis is not certain; the first documented deaths were recorded in ancient Egypt and Greece, when it was known fittingly as “consumption”, coined for of its all-consuming nature. Today, tuberculosis is more of a problem in developing countries, but is still a threat in the United States. To take preventative measures to avoid contracting this deadly disease it is important to know the causes, life-cycle, how its diagnosed, interactions with the immune system, and public health actions to reduce risk of infection.Tuberculosis is a facultative intercellular bacterial parasite caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are rod shaped in appearance and is a gram-positive bacterium. One characteristic unique to Mycobacteria is the addition to an extra layer beyond the thick peptidoglycan cell wall that is composed of lipids and polysaccharides; this gives M. tuberculosis a unique envelope that makes the cell have low permeability (advantage against the immune system). M. Tuberculosis doubles it’s population every 18-24 hours, which is considered

Tuberculosis is defined as a serious, infectious disease that is known to target one of the body’s main, vital organs, the lungs. Tuberculosis (TB) is a mycobacterium disease and is air bourn spread. An air bourn spread disease can be contracted from simply one person sneezing around you who is infected. Tuberculosis presents itself as a Public Health issue. In epidemiological perspective, researchers have dedicated enormous amounts of time and money into the prevention of TB. I believe that TB is in interest to the public because of its fatal consequence and its ability to go from host to host in a very timely manner. TB epidemics began to increase in the 1980’s due to larger sums of people who were inflected with HIV. (1998). When infected with HIV the human immune system becomes very weak and fragile and cannot fight off bad bacteria. Organizations in Canada such as the Public Health Network Council and Canada’s Center for Disease Control work on the prevention of Fatal diseases such as TB. The Pan- Canadian Public Health Network also provides Canadians the information that they need to know on infectious diseases and provides preventative techniques. Managing TB is an art, as well as a science. The quote by the World Health Organization sums it up pretty well. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. ” As well as being physically “scientifically” healthy, the mental health aspect needs to

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease, that may presented in an active or a latent form. It affects a various body systems, but mostly a respiratory system. This disease is triggered by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is transmitted through the air; therefore, a person gets infected by an inhaled bacterium from a person with active form of TB, and who is presented with cough and sneezing. Person with a latent form usually asymptomatic, whereas the bacteria is inactive in the lungs. On another hand, a person with an active form of TB may show following symptoms: severe cough longer than two weeks,

Infectious diseases remain among the leading diseases in the world. Illness and death from infectious diseases are particularly tragic because they might be preventable and treatable. Tuberculosis is one of the most serious infectious diseases. People almost forgot about this disease and think that does not exist around us. Tuberculosis is a very prevalent, contagious and deadly disease worldwide. According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2014), “Today, tuberculosis remains one of the leading infectious disease killers around the world. Emerging drug-resistant strains are presenting a new challenge in the ever-changing battle to control and prevent

Tuberculosis, simply referred to as TB, is an infectious disease predominantly affecting the lungs.1 TB is manifested in parts of the body that are rich in both blood and oxygen. As such, the infection may also be present in the spine, brain and kidneys.2The specific bacterium responsible for causing TB is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, also referred to as Tubercle Bacillus. Robert Koch demonstrated this discovery in his 1882 publication on TB.3 The transmission of TB occurs through the passage of microscopic droplets through the air as a result of an actively infected person spitting, sneezing, coughing, or even speaking.4

Tuberculosis is as old as mankind. It was first officially recognised by Hippocrates who described the symptoms of the disease as coughing up blood and weight loss that eventually led to death. In the 16th century a theory was proposed that the disease was transmitted via microorganisms. This was not proven until 1882. In the 1880’s, the chosen way of curing tuberculosis was for the patients to receive clear air, a balanced diet and plenty of rest. This was used not only to treat the patients but to also isolate them. During the 19th century, the spread of the disease slowed as living conditions and hygiene improved. In the 20th century a vaccination was developed as well as antibiotics. This resulted in the disease declining dramatically. It wasn’t until the 1980’s that the disease reappeared again due to the aids epidemic. Due to the aids sufferers having a weaker immune system, they were more

Worldwide, tuberculosis is a persistent issue in global health. India alone carries over 25% of the global TB burden, with over 9 million people suffering from active TB infection each year (Central TB Division 2015). Of growing concern is the rise of multi- and extensively- drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR, respectively). Characterized by resistance to standard first-line antibiotics including isoniazid and rifampicin (Loddenkemper et al. 2002), MDR-TB requires more aggressive and costly treatment, but as associated with poorer response to treatment and higher rates of mortality (Chung-Delgado et al. 2015). Drug-resistant TB in India has been rising at an alarming rate in India, with 2.2% of all new cases and 15% of all retreatment cases showing signs of resistance to first-line antibiotics (WHO 2015). Yet, despite the growing burden of MDR-TB, the WHO estimates that only 36% of all MDR-TB cases in India are notified (WHO 2015).