Tuberculosis Is Caused By A Bacterium

With the close proximity infection range TB is known for completes the remainder of the epidemiologic triangle. Overcrowded environments are the coal to the fire of this transmittable disease with outbreaks capable of occurring, infection hundreds. Common symptoms of this active form of tuberculosis include: weight loss, coughing, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and loss of appetite (MayoClinic, 2014). The Mayo Clinic also states that it is believed that 2 billion (one third) of the world population is living with Latent TB (2014). This emphasizes the need for public health and community involvement in order to completely abolish this disease from our planet.

The CDC website provides ample educational information regarding tuberculosis. It gives a detail description of what Tuberculosis is, the testing used and how it works. The website also addresses the risk factors of tuberculosis and warns that traveling to countries such as Africa, Asia and Central America puts them in a higher risk of contracting TB. In addition, it provides people with preventive measures to avoid being infected. They advise against close proximity with infected, and to be cautious around people working in health care facilities, prisons, shelter or an over populate area and advise to refrain from consuming unpasteurized milk products. In addition, the Website provides Data and Statistics, which can help support previous

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

without fear of deportation, he exhorted, "You can come out of the shadows. But they can’t, while the U.S. is experiencing the expansion of health care access with the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This plan excluded about eleven million people who are in the country illegally. Nations with a lower social economic status are being greatly affected by the TB agent and do not have the resources available to people in the United States. According to World Health Organization (WHO): TB is the second greatest killer due to a single infectious agent in other nations, in 2012, 15% of the reported cases of TB resulted in death. TB is the third-leading cause of death for women ages 15-44 in low- and middle-income nations and the hardest hit by this disease are patients with compromised immune systems and elderly patients.

A resolution was introduced by the Minister of Health ”Through this Framework, the federal government will focus its efforts on reducing the burden of tuberculosis within those populations by: Optimizing and enhancing current efforts to prevent and control active tuberculosis disease, facilitating the identification and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection for those at high risk of developing active tuberculosis disease, and championing collaborative action to address the underlying risk factors for tuberculosis.” (The Honourable Rona Ambrose, P.C., M.P Minister of Health). In 2004, total tuberculosis-related expenditures in Canada were estimated at $74 million dollars, with the average cost of treating a case of active tuberculosis being approximately $47 thousand dollars. Treatment for latent TB infection, on the other hand, is estimated to be less than $1000 per

The social aspect looks at how TB affects the overall impact of health related quality of life. The global section looks at the barriers of governmental funds and treatment access in different developed versus developing countries. The environmental section explores the environmental conditions in where TB impacts socioeconomic factors, including income, education, housing, age, gender, and geographic distribution. The policy section explores the policy around the treatment of TB, providing distributions of policies (funding, allocative health policies and regulated health policies) and organized policymaking processes at the federal level that allow for the improvement of the health of the population.

Little was known about treatment and prevention of the disease at that time. It was not until 1953 that the United States began collecting data and reports on the 84,304 new cases of TB. This data could be used in research. TB was recognized as a preventable deadly disease, and a common goal to eradicate TB was adopted. Over the next 32 years, the new TB cases dropped 74%. By 1985, there were only 22,201 TB cases. History notes that law makers and public health officials became complacent and thought they had found the solution for eradicating TB. Resources for TB surveillance, prevention, and treatment options were reduced, while homeless numbers increased. This changed history as from 1985 to 1992 TB rates started to increase. Data collected from demographic regions and surveillance records show TB cases rose by 20% in those seven years to equal new 26,673 cases, and the estimated number of TB cases (old and new cases together) during that time was more than 64,000 cases. This was the last recorded peek in TB history. Since 1992, there has been a decrease of 67% in all TB cases. Studies reflect this decrease from 10.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 persons. Much credit for this continued decline is attributed to state and federal aid in addition to the state and local programs aimed at fighting TB and the helping the homeless population. Continued public education, proactive surveillance,

Demographic change can impact on a slower reduction in TB incidence. Barcelona TB Control Program (PPCTB), Community health workers (CHW), and Public health nursing team (PHNT) also helped improve action procedures for immigrants including monitoring cases and their contact in accordance with international

The rise in tuberculosis cases during the 1980s and 1990s brought new guidelines from federal and local agencies to help combat the disease. R. Stricof, G. DiFerdinando, W. Osten, and L. Novick (1998) studied the how well hospitals in New York City implemented these new guidelines. In their paper, “Tuberculosis control in New York City hospitals” the researchers not only examine how well the hospitals did with the guidelines but also how the new guidelines affected the number of tuberculosis cases.

Tuberculosis is a disease that affects many individuals throughout the world, and not always with the same prevalence rates. For this research paper my goal is to explain and illustrate why certain populations tend to have higher infection rates of tuberculosis than the average population in the United States and what causes these higher rates. At what point do health officials step in and work on prevention in these specific populations and why are we not implementing the tuberculosis shot for these populations?

Tuberculosis is a degenerative disease that is experienced at a higher rate in Hispanic Americans only second to Asian American. Tuberculosis is a bacterium that affects the lungs and has been in the human populations for thousands of years. Left untreated, it causes death and is highly contagious, spread through the air. Even though statistically, Asians have a higher percentage of reported tuberculosis cases, it is believed the Hispanic population might have the highest incidence of latent TB, which shows no symptoms and left untreated can cause the most damaging effects. Since the Hispanic population is expected to double by 2050 to 50%, this will pose a problem to health care professionals in the future. People with compromised immune systems

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease generally caused by the bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) [1]. The United States’ number and rate of new tuberculosis cases has kept declining since the TB reemergence in 1992, however, there is a slight increase in the number and the rate of new TB cases, 1.7% and 0.9%, respectively, in 2015 with a total of 9,563 new cases and a rate of 3.0 cases per 100,000 population compares to 2014 [2].

Primary TB infection, the first stage, begins when a person inhales an airborne bacteria. This is mostly common when a person is in close contact with an infected person with active TB who is coughing or sneezing. For most, the inhaled bacteria is killed immediately by the immune system. However, others aren’t so fortunate because the TB bacteria are engulfed by macrophages, which are a type of white cell, and enter dormant state. The dormant state can last several years or even a lifetime. However that’s not always the case, in certain populations including infants, the elderly, those with recent acquired TB infection and those with weakened immune system the symptoms of tuberculosis can show within weeks of the primary infection. The second stage is the Latent TB infection Although the bacteria is dormant and the person won’t have any symptoms, a tuberculin skin test or blood test for TB will show a positive result. It will show that the person has been exposed to TB and has latent infection. If discovered, treatment is recommended in certain individuals at high risk to try and prevent further spread. The third and final stage is Active Tuberculosis in which the bacteria is multiplying in the body and causing symptoms and physical changes. These symptoms develop slowly due to the fact that the TB pathogen multiplies very slowly. The most common symptoms of active

health system weaknesses, which affect the programmatic management of TB in both the public and private sectors;

TB is a worldwide health threaten issue that affecting one-third of the world population (DH, 2006). The WHO identified TB as a top infectious killing disease, which takes more than one million lives in 2014 globally (2016). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that TB usually first starts with affecting the lungs with symptoms