Tuberculosis ( Tb ) Is Caused By The Bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection in which nodules referred to as tubercles grows in the bodies tissues, especially on the lungs. Tuberculosis is a

“Tuberculosis (TB), a multisystem disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease–related mortality worldwide. Although TB rates are decreasing in the United States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant TB is increasing worldwide. TB is caused by M tuberculosis, a slow-growing obligate aerobe and a facultative intracellular parasite. The organism grows in parallel groups called cords (as seen in the image below). It retains many

Tuberculosis has been part of human history for a long time but how long is a long time? Recent research using genetic data has allowed us to know that the tuberculosis progenitor has been on this planet for about 3 million years affecting even our earlier ancestors (Gutierrez et al, 2005). Additionally this research showed that the bacilli from tuberculosis are capable of mixing sections of their genome with other strains and giving the pathogen a composite assembly, which resulted from ancient horizontal exchanges before its clonal expansion. This quality provided tuberculosis a big advantage that even now a days allows the organism to evade, adapt and create resistance to treatments that were once successful. In order to fix current and

Malnutrition has always been shouted to be a very important predisposing factor for all infectious diseases including the great white scourge, tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly attacks the lungs (2). Moreover, it makes the lungs unhealthy and infected. It is transmitted from one person to another via droplets. For example, from the throats and lungs of people infected with this active respiratory disease (2). In 2012, nearly nine million people around the

Tuberculosis is one of the most infectious diseases in the world. With almost one third of the world infected with this virus, people are striving to help prevent the spread of this disease (NIAID, 2001). One prevention technique for tuberculosis is the BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin) vaccine. In the early twentieth century Calmette and Guerin worked together to isolate a strain of the disease creating the first BCG vaccine. Throughout the century the scientists improved the BCG vaccine and today there are several different strains of the vaccine available. However, even today its full effects on the disease are unknown. The exploration of the effects of the vaccine, the best

Alveolar Macrophages(AMs) are the leading defence mechanism for modulating pulmonary infections. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(Mtb) by manipulating the unique regulatory roles of AMs, distorts their innate activities, promoting the formation of granuloma. Upon Mtb internalisation, formation of phagolysosome is detrimental for the eradication of the pathogen. Efficient operation of Mtb hijacking mechanisms against phagolysosome fusion, permits pathogen survival within the phagosome.

SP-A shown the characterestics to enhances the uptake of M. tuberculosis by phagocytic cells such as macrophages and this is due to the up regulation of macrophage-mannose receptor mechanism (Gaynor et al., 1995). In the previous studies SP-D showed the different effects on phagocytosis of pathogens. SP-D showed the reduction in the uptake of M. tuberculosis by macrophages due to its assosiation with bacteria (Ferguson et al., 1999). SP-D CRD region binds to the cell wall components of M. tuberculosis such as mannosyl units (mannose caps) of lipoglycan and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) (Ferguson et al., 1999). It has also been shown that SP-D increases the uptake of Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycobacterium avium and E. coli (Kuroki et al., 2007; Brinker et al.,

Tuberculosis (TB) is a CDC (Centers for Disease Control) notifiable disease which is caused by an infectious bacterium that was discovered by a man named Robert Koch in 1882. This infectious bacterium that causes Tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and is also known as Koch 's Bacillus. According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2015), Mtb is a small, slow-growing bacterium that can live only in people. It is not found in other animals, insects, soil, or other non-living things. Mtb is an aerobic bacterium, which means

Tuberculosis (TB), is a bacteria disease caused by the bacterium Mycocardium Tuberculosis (Brennen, 2003). Tuberculosis is unique in a way that the bacterium is neither gram negative or gram positive (Brennen, 2003). For example, “It is classified as acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria being the kind that usually cause disease in humans. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacillus or rod shaped bacteria. It has a unique and lipid cell wall that is composed primarily of mycolic acid and a high resistance to the human macrophages” (Brennen, 2003). Mycocardium Tuberculosis is only able to infect humans. However, there is a type of tuberculosis called “Bovine Tuberculosis,” that can infect cows and other animals ( Public Heath Agency of Canada, 2014). Bovine Tuberculosis is carried through the animals milk and that is why pasteurization of milk is a necessity. The Canadian Government stated, “Before 1960, all cattle in Canada were tested for tuberculosis and infected animals were eliminated. The federal government gave farmers money to compensate for the cattle they lost, and today ensures that all milk sold in Canada is safe to drink by strictly enforcing pasteurization regulations” (Public Heath Agency of Canada, 2014).

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which causes millions of death in humans. In India approximately 500,000 deaths occurs now and then. TB is an air borne disease which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Apart from M. tuberculosis, there are many strains of Mycobacterial species like M. bovis , M .africanum , M. microti, M. caprae , M. pinnipedi i, M. canetti and M. mungi. Together these species are known to be M. tuberculosis complex. The main target of tuberculosis is the lungs (i.e. pulmonary tuberculosis) as well as other parts of the body (i.e. systemic tuberculosis). Most tuberculosis does not cause infection which is known as latent tuberculosis (i.e. they remain in inactive form). The spread of infection is

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It is generally spread from person to person through inhalation of contaminated aerosol droplets from an infected person through coughing, sneezing, or talking. Although generally affecting the lungs, the disease can spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Generalized symptoms of tuberculosis include a chronic cough, fever, and night sweats. There are multiple diagnostic assays that can be used to test for either Tuberculosis disease or for M. Tuberculosis bacterium. Tuberculosis has been shown to exist as a problem throughout the world since ancient civilizations. Although once thought to be eradicated, Tuberculosis is still a

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).