Tuberculosis : The Most Common Bacterial Infection Worldwide

Tuberculosis has been a persistent threat to the human race as far back as Hippocrates (c.460-c.370 BC). Globally, tuberculosis has infected millions during waves, often killing scores of people at a time, and then receding giving it an almost supernatural quality (Daniel, 2006). In recent history tuberculosis has been recorded in all corners of the world, and currently infects one third of the global population. In 2012, TB was responsible for killing 1.3 million people, making it the second largest fatal disease next to AIDS. The purpose of this paper is to describe tuberculosis, explain contributing factors, describe the disease in relation to the epidemiologic triangle, and finally

Tuberculosis has been part of human history for a long time but how long is a long time? Recent research using genetic data has allowed us to know that the tuberculosis progenitor has been on this planet for about 3 million years affecting even our earlier ancestors (Gutierrez et al, 2005). Additionally this research showed that the bacilli from tuberculosis are capable of mixing sections of their genome with other strains and giving the pathogen a composite assembly, which resulted from ancient horizontal exchanges before its clonal expansion. This quality provided tuberculosis a big advantage that even now a days allows the organism to evade, adapt and create resistance to treatments that were once successful. In order to fix current and

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Nearly one third of the world's population is infected with TB. It is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide, causing more than 2 million deaths each year (CDC, 2011f). (Smith 195)

When most hear the word “tuberculosis” they will associate it with a time where medicine was very underdeveloped. Many would be amazed to know that, while reading this sentence, a victim dies of TB (Farrell 113). To First World countries, tuberculosis is not a common disease. This is because so many of the victims are in developing countries. In reality, TB kills millions a year and should not be ignored just because epidemics other epidemics affect a more diverse group of people.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a CDC (Centers for Disease Control) notifiable disease which is caused by an infectious bacterium that was discovered by a man named Robert Koch in 1882. This infectious bacterium that causes Tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and is also known as Koch 's Bacillus. According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2015), Mtb is a small, slow-growing bacterium that can live only in people. It is not found in other animals, insects, soil, or other non-living things. Mtb is an aerobic bacterium, which means

For many people in the U.S. tuberculosis represents a disease process that one rarely sees. For this reason the reality of tuberculosis outside of the U.S. can easily be lost. CDC statistics report that approximately one third of the world 's population is infected with tuberculosis.1 This can be a sobering statistic for an individual wholly removed from the idea that tuberculosis, abbreviated TB, remains a prominent disease process throughout much of the world. The objective will be to provide not just an informative description of the disease, it 's etiology, clinical manifestations, treatments, and prognosis, but also to provide a reminder that tuberculosis retains a significant presence in the world despite the early

Since the 1940s, the rate of deaths and cases of Tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing in developed countries. However, the disease remains to be a major health challenge among developing countries, mostly from Asia and Africa. The disease is persistent in these areas due to lack of inadequate health facilities (Salinas et al., 2016). TB has been worsened by its strong association with HIV. The combination of the two diseases has led to TB drug resistance breeds that have become a threat to the developing countries and now spreading to the developed countries (Sulis et al., 2014).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that affects the lungs. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Before the 19th century the frequency of TB was relatively unknown its incidence is thought to have peaked between the end of the 18th century and the end of the 19th century.

Over the past century, tuberculosis has taken the lives of more than one hundred million people. Today, roughly two billion people are infected with the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis and five to ten percent develop active tuberculosis within their lifetime. All in all, Tuberculosis resides to be one of the most fatal diseases in the world and is the top ranked killer amongst bacterial diseases. Almost two million people pass away from the infection each year (Furlow, 2010). Approximately thirteen percent of people that are infected with tuberculosis also have HIV, they are closely associated with one another (Tomford, 2010).

Tuberculosis, or more commonly TB, is a chronic infection caused by the rod- shaped bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Furlan, Silva, & Marcon, 2014). This bacterium was discovered by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882, and since its discovery, TB has continued to be one of the leading cause of human mortality in the world (Cambau, & Drancourt, 2014). Regrettably, over 1/3 of the world’s populace has tuberculosis (CDC, 2016a). This grim statistic makes it very difficult to contain each occurrence of tuberculosis. This is one of the issues surrounding the disease today. Furthermore, vaccines like the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, exists for Tuberculosis; however, its effectiveness is dependent on region, genetic differences in the

Tuberculosis; often referred to as the silent killer, is a highly infectious disease that is contracted annually by 9.3 million individuals globally, and causes 1.8 million deaths. It’s high mortality rate led to the formation of the American Lung Association in the United States in 1904, after it was declared the leading cause of death during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The origin of tuberculosis is not certain; the first documented deaths were recorded in ancient Egypt and Greece, when it was known fittingly as “consumption”, coined for of its all-consuming nature. Today, tuberculosis is more of a problem in developing countries, but is still a threat in the United States. To take preventative measures to avoid contracting this deadly disease it is important to know the causes, life-cycle, how its diagnosed, interactions with the immune system, and public health actions to reduce risk of infection.Tuberculosis is a facultative intercellular bacterial parasite caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are rod shaped in appearance and is a gram-positive bacterium. One characteristic unique to Mycobacteria is the addition to an extra layer beyond the thick peptidoglycan cell wall that is composed of lipids and polysaccharides; this gives M. tuberculosis a unique envelope that makes the cell have low permeability (advantage against the immune system). M. Tuberculosis doubles it’s population every 18-24 hours, which is considered

Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be a leading cause of infectious lung disease, and considered the foremost cause of death due to a single microorganism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) tuberculosis report, there were around 9.6 million new TB cases emerging and 1.5 million deaths caused by TB in 2014. (1) Among those, almost 95% of the cases and deaths were in developing countries due to poor socioeconomic conditions and limited access to diagnosis and treatment, with India, Indonesia and Nigeria having the largest number of incidence. Furthermore, the number of cases with latent TB, who are asymptomatically infected by MTB, was estimated to include one third of the world population, which corresponds to more than two billions of people. (2) The disease is further complicated by the development of drug resistance, and co-infection with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which set a huge obstacle for developing a successful TB treatment regimen.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a airborne and contagious-infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli, usually establishes its infection in the lungs and known as pulmonary tuberculosis also can affect other sites and known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis (Rodrigo,2006; Comas,2009). Human Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem for both developed and developing countries , is the second cause of death in worldwide, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2014,World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the burden of TB disease was 9.6 million new cases worldwide and 1.5 million deaths were estimated to be caused by TB (WHO,2015) .TB resumption is mainly a consequence due to onset of the AIDS pandemic and emergence of drug resistant strains MDR(WHO,2014 ), therefore TB rates rose once again, and with that, the need to tackle TB more effectively all over the world .

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).