Tuberculosis: The White Plague

Colorado law outlines driving under the influence, driving while impaired, and driving with excessive alcoholic content in C.R.S. § 42-4-1301. Furthermore, pursuant to C.R.S. § 42-4-1301.1 any person who drives a motor vehicle on the streets of Colorado has expressly consented to cooperating in the taking and completing of any test or tests of breath or blood to determine or estimate his or her blood alcohol content (“BAC”) if directed by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause to believe the person was driving under the influence or impaired as defined in C.R.S. § 42-4-1031. As such, in situations where alcohol may be involved an officer is required to have probable cause to request a driver to submit to a breath or blood test for BAC. The standard of “probable cause to require a test” is defined as an officer's belief “the person was driving a motor vehicle” while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. See C.R.S. § 42-4-1301.1(2)(a)(I).

Hi my name is Tyree Coleman and today I will inform you about a world known disease called Tuberculosis but most commonly known as TB. Tuberculosis is a infectious disease that mainly affects your lungs. Like many other diseases Tuberculosis is airborne is very easy to contract. This disease was first discovered in March 24, 1882 by a German physician and scientist named Robert Koch. Koch simply found traces of mycobacterium tuberculosis in cows, which is the bacterium that causes Tuberculosis. Many people are at risk of getting TB but may not even know it because of how quickly the disease can spread and not knowing enough information about it or not getting tested. The most common way you can get Tuberculosis is by being in constant

Tuberculosis, the white plague as used to be called once upon a time is still one of the deadliest bacterial killers affecting almost all parts, all corners of the globe. Though successful anti-tubercular antibiotic regimens and effective vaccine are available for decades and being used in the battle against Koch’s bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of this chronic multi organ granulomatous disease, our strand in the battle continuously seems to be in the losing side. Moreover the increasing prevalence of HIV-AIDS and diabetes mellitus is being proved to be providing predisposition to tuberculosis. As witnessed by the WHO, which has estimated that, in the year 2012, 8.6 million people have developed tuberculosis and 1.3 million have died of the disease including 320000 deaths of HIV-TB co-infected people (Global tuberculosis report 2013. World Health Organization; 2013). Long term antibiotic therapy and that too associated with several side effects and discomforts have diminished patient compliance with the anti-tubercular chemotherapy. This fact in turn has raised the new deadlier MDR-TB and XDR-TB strains. The whole scenario is a matter of panic and questioning the effectiveness of anti-tubercular antibiotics, immunologic efficacy of century old BCG vaccine and all other medical advents.

According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the number two killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent (WHO, 2017). In 2015, 10.4 million new cases have been identified and 1.8 million people have died from this disease (WHO, 2017). TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium TB, and the majority of TB deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. This disease is curable and preventable, but the lack of access to proper healthcare and medication administration makes it a concern for the most of the world’s population. TB is an airborne disease that can transmit when an infected person coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks. The majority of TB cases can be cured when the right medications are available and

Originally known as consumption and/or phthisis pulmonaris, evidence of TB has existed in the form of ancient writings from ancient Egypt. Furthermore, the organism causing tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) has existed for approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years. Despite the origins of tuberculosis dating back for ages, tuberculosis did not fully reach a critical epidemic status until the 18th and 19th centuries, when nearly one-tenth of the population died as a result of many factors, “Poorly ventilated and overcrowded housing, primitive sanitation, malnutrition and other factors led to the rise [of tuberculosis]” (Mandal 1). Ultimately, the horrendous atmosphere of Victorian England completely influenced the inevitable impact of tuberculosis as it led to significant symptoms and then the unhurried discovery of tuberculosis treatment. As a result, the view towards tuberculosis in the Victorian Era fundamentally changed. Meanwhile, tuberculosis emerged and did not spare anyone as famous English citizens including Robert Louis Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Frederic Chopin all succumbed to the deadly disease.

It was the leading cause of death in the U.S in the 19th century and the people in the U.S took it very seriously. To begin with, Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This disease is easily spread through the air when a person “coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings.” (CNN News) The bacteria that is spread can stay in the air for hours.

Tuberculosis was the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease .According to World Health Organization Tuberculosis is infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. 24th March is celebrated as the world TB day to make the entire world. TB was diagnosed in modern medicine at the beginning of 19th century after the identification of mycobacterium by Robert Koch. But our Indian Systems of Medicine started treating this disease from 5000 BC by use of herbal drugs. TB was diagnosed in Ayurveda and Siddha systems of

Tuberculosis(TB) is caused by a bacterium of the name, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that attacks the lungs most commonly. It is spread via air,

Tuberculosis has been with us since ancient times (Lawn & Zumla, 2011). The earliest recorded date of its presence in humans have been found in Egyptian mummies dating from 3000-2400BC (Zink, et al., 2003). Also known as consumption or white plague, it ravaged the lives in North America and Europe in the 18th and 19th century (McCarthy, 2009) . Finally the microbe that caused the disease, tuberculosis was discovered by Dr. Robert Koch, a German microbiologist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for his findings (Nobel Prize).

Since the 1940s, the rate of deaths and cases of Tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing in developed countries. However, the disease remains to be a major health challenge among developing countries, mostly from Asia and Africa. The disease is persistent in these areas due to lack of inadequate health facilities (Salinas et al., 2016). TB has been worsened by its strong association with HIV. The combination of the two diseases has led to TB drug resistance breeds that have become a threat to the developing countries and now spreading to the developed countries (Sulis et al., 2014).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that most commonly occurs in the lungs. It was originally called “susica”, coming from the Greek word for “consumption”. The causative agent, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb), was discovered by the hands of the famous scientist, Robert Koch. Koch was able to discover the causative agent of TB in 1882 to be the rod-shaped mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its pathology. The means of transmission of this disease is through airborne particles. In addition, much work was done in the field of TB by Dr.S.Kukric, who worked in clinics, lectured on the subject of tuberculosis to raise awareness and also produced a number of research papers about TB. He was also involved in TB diagnosis through tuberculin skin tests around the time of the First World War, though it is noteworthy to mention that the application of anti-TB drugs didn’t start until the mid-20th century, just before the development of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The following will aim to provide an overview of Tuberculosis, including epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, pathogenesis & immune response, treatment & vaccines and the control of TB.

Tuberculosis, also known as (TB) has been around for decades and is still active across the globe. It was a huge threat to Europe and America in The 19th century. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An individual can become infected with the disease while breathing in the bacteria that is spread through the air droplets when a person coughs or speaks. TB mainly affects the lungs, however, it can attack other organs also. Tuberculosis can be fatal if not treated promptly. “There is paleopathological evidence that Tuberculosis has been around 8000 BCE and evidence of bony tuberculosis has been found dating from the Neolithic period in 5800 BCE and in Egyptian mummies dating to 2400 BCE” (Riello et al., 2016).

Tuberculosis; often referred to as the silent killer, is a highly infectious disease that is contracted annually by 9.3 million individuals globally, and causes 1.8 million deaths. It’s high mortality rate led to the formation of the American Lung Association in the United States in 1904, after it was declared the leading cause of death during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The origin of tuberculosis is not certain; the first documented deaths were recorded in ancient Egypt and Greece, when it was known fittingly as “consumption”, coined for of its all-consuming nature. Today, tuberculosis is more of a problem in developing countries, but is still a threat in the United States. To take preventative measures to avoid contracting this deadly disease it is important to know the causes, life-cycle, how its diagnosed, interactions with the immune system, and public health actions to reduce risk of infection.Tuberculosis is a facultative intercellular bacterial parasite caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are rod shaped in appearance and is a gram-positive bacterium. One characteristic unique to Mycobacteria is the addition to an extra layer beyond the thick peptidoglycan cell wall that is composed of lipids and polysaccharides; this gives M. tuberculosis a unique envelope that makes the cell have low permeability (advantage against the immune system). M. Tuberculosis doubles it’s population every 18-24 hours, which is considered

Tuberculosis, often referred to as TB is one of the world’s oldest infections. It is a chronic, airborne, highly contagious infection, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is treatable and preventable, but yet causes increasing morbidity and mortality (Battle, 2009,). It re-emerged in the mid-1980s as a major public health concern. Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death globally, especially in low and middle income countries. Tuberculosis has been implicated as comorbidity in other diseases like HIV/AIDS and diabetes. It is numbered among the top fifteen diseases by World Health Organization and the sixth Millennium Development Goal. Robert Koch, one of the fathers of Microbiology, first discovered M. tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis in 1882 (Adams & Koch, 2010). Tuberculosis is the most common bacterial infection worldwide.

Many deadly strains of virus and bacteria have plagued humans throughout history. One in particular has been known of since ancient times. It is known as consumption, phthisis pulmonalis, and white plague but the most common and widely accepted name for this particular disease is Tuberculosis (TB). According to Thomas M. Daniel, “It reached epidemic proportions in Europe and North America during the 18th and 19th centuries” (2006). Rutgers claims that, “fragments of the spinal column from Egyptian mummies from 2400 BCE show definite signs of tuberculosis” (no date listed). Hippocrates even stated that, “Tuberculosis was the most widespread of all of the diseases in his time and was typically fatal” (Niemi, 2014). Many of the great