Tumor Metastasis Essay

Several studies have explained the influence of the nanoscale topography such as nanosurface and structure in cell capture, growth, adhesion, and orientation. Every cell type has a characteristic profile based on its mechano-physical properties [1]. Cancer cells show higher translocation times and peak amplitudes compared with blood cells, and their pulse shapes are distinctively different. Ion Selective Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) have a huge advantage over traditional ion selective electrodes (ISEs) in that they avoid the high impedance by signal amplification. ISFETs generate low impedance signals and consume low power levels because of the transistor properties.

Tumor profiling is another form of advancement to help cure breast cancer. Tumor profiling allows researchers to better understand the genes in cancer cells. In this article found on the Susan G. Koman website, the ability to profile thousands of genes found in tumors is helpful in determining how likely breast cancer will reoccur and probable treatment. “The gene profiles of some tumors may help predict whether the cancer is more likely to recur and metastasize. Tumors with gene profiles showing a high risk of breast cancer recurrence or metastasis may be more likely to benefit from chemotherapy than tumors with gene profiles showing a low risk” (Susan G. Koman).

In this article, researchers at CWRU in Cleveland Ohio created a microfluidic platform to monitor the extent of someone's sickle cell disease. This could be instrumental in tracking the progress of sickle cell disease and could be responsible for recognizing problems and finding solutions. Due to the short length of the article, it didn’t go into anything about how microfluidics worked. On another site, I found it requires about a microliter of blood. Most chips have seven channels that each hold reagents and markers that identify targeted molecules. A syringe acts as a vacuum and pulls the blood through the channels. Then gold and silver nanoparticles attach to molecules and provide color which allows you to interpret the tests. It takes under

However, the significant toxicity of these treatments limited their use. In 2011, there was a shift

Metastasis to the bone occurs in 30-70% of cancer patients with metastatic cancer; depending on the primary site of disease.1 Bone metastases can cause severe pain, spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia and pathologic fracture.2 In the subset of cancer patients the goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms caused by the metastasis and/or to control the growth. The primary goal of palliative treatment is to improve patient’s quality of life (QoL) and prevent or treat the symptoms of their disease.

Distant metastases are mostly identified in patients of osteosarcoma with the estimation of about 85% after surgery. Mostly they occur in lungs however it may also metastasizes to soft tissues and other different bone. Osteosarcoma is lethal because of pulmonary metastasis with widespread progression that leads to respiratory failure. Tumor metastasis and invasion are multistep complex process in which tumor cells alter cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) associations at the primary tumor site to invade adjacent tissues and thus translocated through the vascular vessels to other systems to form secondary tumors there. MMPs are family of proteolytic enzyme that plays an essential role in tumor metastasis and invasion by breaking the ECM and basement

The cells are placed into a flask and are forced through a nozzle so small that they must pass through one by one. In the nozzle, the cells are vibrated at different frequencies to produce drops (3). The drops of cells are then scanned by a laser that is used to count and measure each cell. Separating populations of cells involves attaching antibody linked fluorescent dye to certain cells of interest (3). The information that is gathered from the sorting and measuring of the cells is evaluated by a computer. The final steps for the FACS include applying an electrical charge to the drops of cells (3). Before the drop of cell forms at the end of the nozzle, a charge is applied to the stream that will determine where the drop will go (3). Based on the charge, the drip is either moved left or right with electrodes or placed in to designated final tubes. Quantifying the FACS information involves displaying the information so we know how many cells of each color and charge were

Microplate readers detect and process biological and chemical data using absorbance (ELISAs, enzyme activity, and nucleic acid and protein quantification), luminescence, and fluorescence detection modes, including intensity, TRF, and polarization. These lab workhorses are used in drug discovery, research, bioassay validation, and biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

The implantation of 3D T cell cultures will provide a means for conveyance of a continuous feed of these cells towards the reduction of tumor burden or of tumor reoccurrence near the site of tumor resection. To that end, the molecular architecture of the scaffold must permit the expansion and release of functional T cells whose activation state can be affected by the surrounding conditions, allowing activating and chemo attractant signatures from the tumor microenvironment to accelerate the proliferation, escape, and immunogenicity of the encapsulated cells. It must also allow its precise, local administration in a minimally invasive way (through catheter or needle), its jellifying ahead of its dispersion, and must provide it with the ability to withstand in vivo stress and degradation for the duration of treatment.

The ubiquitous nature of the NDV receptor allows for utilization of the virus against a wide variety of cancers. The specificity of the virus for cancer cells due to their defects in antiviral and apoptotic pathways ensures viral safety and may obviate the need for specific tumor targeting. NDV has been shown to replicate in cancer cells possessing various defects in antiviral and apoptotic signaling pathways.

small-sized analytical devices) has spurred steadily increasing interest and research efforts in the microfluidics discipline (upon which lab-on-a-chip devices are based). The promise of such lab-on-a-chip devices is grounded in the advantages of microfluidics relative to traditional

Zheng’s lab is working on a filter to capture metastasizing cancer cells (Zheng, p. 25). While PrPC are sessile, PrPSc can migrate through the CSF and other bodily fluids, therefore a similar nanofilter device could be used to capture them. Zheng has found that "microsprings do less damage to the cancer cells and achieve larger fluid flow. The spring structure is more flexible and so less pressure is required to move... through the filter" (Zheng, p. 26). Zheng's lab has designed both microfluidic and electrical impedance blood counter micro-scale

Microfluidics technology, originated at Stanford University in Analytical Chemistry field, is a science integrated the sample preparation, reaction, separation,

Meanwhile, the growing interest in theranostics and personalized medicine, in which treatments are tailored to the prognoses of patients, is further driving the demand for rapid and high performance cell sorting. This review will survey recent developments in microchip cell sorting by organizing each technology into one of three principal categories based on its primary cell recognition modality: (i) fluorescent label-based, (ii) bead-based, and (iii) label-free cell sorting. Within each category, several subsections are provided to further categorize each technology by the physical principles governing the sorting process. We emphasize more recent technologies, especially those that integrate multiple functions on the same device toward a fully integrated point-of-use device.

CD44, is one of the recognized tumorand CSC biomarkers and the main receptor for HA, playing important roles in tumor development by involvement in cell adhesion and cell migration (Cortes-Dericks et al. 2017; Misra et al. 2015). Considering the roles of CD44 as a biomarker in the assessment of treatment response, screening and differential diagnosis; expansion of a nanobody with its unique characteristics for the recognition of CD44 could contribute todiagnosis, therapy and drug delivery fornumerous cancer (Misra et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2016). To date, many naïve and