Tumor Protein 53 and its role in Ovarian Cancer Essay

Ovarian cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries. Ovaries are reproductive glands establish only in women. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs journey during the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg embeds and establish into a fetus. The ovaries are also the major cause of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is situated on each side of the uterus in the pelvis. Many types of tumors can generate rising in the ovaries. The majority of these are benign (noncancerous) and never multiply outside the ovary. Benign tumors can be treated effectively by removing either the ovary or the part of the ovary that contains the tumor. Ovarian tumors that are not benign or malignant (cancerous)

Ovarian cancer is cancer of the ovaries and is listed as the fifth cause of death in women. Ovaries are the reproductive glands of only females and the main source of a female’s estrogen and progesterone. The ovaries are made up of 3 kinds of cells, which can also develop different types of tumors. Epithelial tumors start from the cell that covers the outer surface of the ovaries. Germ cell tumors start from the cells that produce the eggs. Stromal tumors start from the structural tissues that hold the ovary together and produce the female hormones (1).

Epithelium Ovarian Cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in women and ranks at the number 5 cause of death relating to cancer in the United States in women (Bristow 2013). Out of all the common gynecological diseases ovarian cancer is the most lethal with an average of 240,000 new cases of ovarian cancer per year and 152,000 deaths every year (Mezzanica 2015; Hong et al. 2013). Most women are diagnosed around the age of 63, but diagnosis is not limited to older or younger women. Ovarian Cancer makes up 90% of all ovarian diseases, and is the main diagnosed disease of women after menopause (Jelovac and Armstrong 2011). “A woman’s risk of getting invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 71 and the lifetime risk of dying from invasive ovarian cancer is about 1 in 95”

Ovarian cancer is less common, with a projected 22, 440 new cases. However, it carries a much higher mortality rate.

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer related to the ovaries. It currently accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers in women. Ovaries are comprised of three types of cells, each of them being able to differentiate into a type of cancer. These three types are epithelial, germ, and stromal cells. The most common type of ovarian cancer is derived from the epithelial cells. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from all types of cancer that are related to the female reproductive system. Moreover, it is estimated that approximately 55% of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer die in the first 5 years of diagnosis. However, if the tumor is diagnosed before the age of 65, this percentage decreases.

Cancer that begins in the ovaries is known as ovarian cancer. It affects 250,000 women world-wide each year, with 20,000 of these women living in the United States. Each year, 140,000 women die of the disease. In 2014, approximately 14,270 died from ovarian cancer in the United States, making it one of the most deadly cancers for women. If detected early, ovarian cancer is highly treatable; 94 percent of women who are diagnosed during stage one live at least five years after diagnosis.

The BRCA genes are tumor suppressor genes that inhibit tumor growth when functioning normally. When they mutate, they lose their tumor suppressor ability. This results in an increase for women to develop ovarian cancer. Risk factors a 1st degree family member, women who have never been pregnant, increasing age, high fat diet, increased number of ovulatory cycles, and infertility drugs. 90% of ovarian cancer are epithelial carcinomas that arise from malignant transformation of the surface epithelial cells. Germ cell tumors account for

Ovarian cancer is a malignant form of cancer that develops from the ovary and it is unlikely to be discovered by most patients during its early stages because its symptoms are very delicate. The fact that prognosis is sometimes difficult to perform makes it impossible for some individuals to be able to effectively fight the tumor. Many women are unable to understand that changes occurring in their bodies are actually a result of ovarian cancer. Hundreds of thousands of women worldwide are diagnosed with ovarian cancer every year and it is thus essential for society to have a complex understanding of the disease, its symptoms, and methods of coping with it.

Ovarian cancer is one of the leading cause feminine death. Ovarian cancer is cancer that is located in the female organ that produces eggs. Ovarian cancer is most likely to develop in the females that have lived half a century or more. Ovarian cancer cannot be discovered until it has reached the pelvis area in certain tests. Once it has actually reached the pelvis area, it is considered fatal and this is considered the last stage. There are three types of ovarian cancer: epithelial, stromal, and germ line cancer. Epithelial tumor occurs in the outside layer of the ovary, stromal tumor occurs in the ovarian tissue and germ cell tumor occurs in the egg producing cells. One of the possible causes for ovarian cancer is a known mutation in the

Ovarian Cancer is one of the rarest undetected cancer that begins in the ovaries, spreading through the pelvis and the belly. The ovarian cancer is about 3% of cancers among women. It causes one of the most deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. It is not clear on what causes the ovarian cancer, but it can be one of the deadliest cancer of all. Females are more at risk of getting ovarian cancer as they age. Ovarian Cancer is more common in women of age 55; women who take a menopausal hormone therapy may also have a higher risk for creating ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females in the United States. It is anticipated that there will be about 22,280 new cases and 14,240 deaths due to ovarian cancer in 2016 [70]. Most patients present with advanced stage disease, contributing to the high death rate. Generally, these patients are treated with surgical resection followed by platinum-based chemotherapy [71]. A significant problem faced in treating these patients is the high rate of recurrence associated with platinum-resistance. Patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer carry a poorer prognosis with only 7-20% of them responding to subsequent therapies [72]. This reveals the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies targeted at pathways of tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Ovarian Cancer ascend from the fallopian tube mucosal epithelium, causing the tissue fragments of the female reproductive system to fuse together. The time of diagnosis, epithelial ovarian cancer are advanced-stage carcinomas (Nezhat, 2015). Ovarian cancer is common within the female population, with over 22,000 newly diagnosed cases in the United States and 14,000 cancer related deaths (Nezhat, 2015).

More than four thousands mutations of p53 genes have been identified in human tumors. p53 mutation in human skin cancers is consider to be unique mutation among other cancers mutations. p53 mutation in human skin cancers is mostly found to be C to T transitions. These transitions are located on dipyrimidine sites that are the specific target for UV radiation (Dumaz et. al, 1997). Alteration of tumor suppressor gene p53 will hinder p53 to repair damaged DNA or perform apoptosis as needed, which then results in precancerous cell (Madan et. al,

Ovarian cancer is a fifth most common cancer in women in the UK (NICE, 2011). Ms LG is currently in treatment phase which comes under stage 4 of

P53 is a tumor suppressor gene. In all kinds of malignant tumors, above 50% appears p53 gene mutation. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional factor, which controls to start the cell cycle. Many signals of the cell health directly send to the p53 protein. It also decides when the cells begin the division. If the cells are damaged and cannot be repaired, the p53 protein would start the boot process and lead the cell go to apoptosis died. Some p53 deficient cells without this control, under adverse conditions, cells will continue to split. Just like any other tumor suppressor, p53 gene normally plays the role of slowing down or monitoring the cell division. The Inhibiting cancer genes “p53” in cells judges the extent of DNA damage.