Tumor Silencer Research Paper

Cancer, medically called ‘tumorigenesis’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430) occurs when cells in the body orient themselves for malignant growth. Such cells show ‘self-sufficiency in growth signals’, are ‘insensitive to anti-growth signals’ and have ‘limitless replicative potential’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Once a particular set of cells become malignant, the malignancy can spread to other set of cells in different organs due to ‘crosstalk’ between the affected cells and their surrounding ‘tissues’ and ‘micro-environments’(Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430).

Introduction: This essay will explore the cell cycle, cancer, cancer, mitosis and meioses, genetic variation, Mendelian genetics, and complex genetic inheritance. Each area will be broken down in further detail, and the result should demonstrate the knowledge learned on the subjects.

The two proteins help to control the growth and size of the cell. Tuberin and Hamartin are tumour suppressors they prevent cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled manner. There are two main health conditions related to the genetic changes in the TSC2 gene these are Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. [2]

In addition to translocations and gene amplifications, deletions can occur and also result in oncogene activation. This can be by the removal of negative regulatory elements or the elimination of regulatory protein domains. However it is more common for a deletion to cause the loss of a tumor suppressor and therefore lead to a cancerous cell i.e. one which rapidly divides.

Name/Description of Trait: The trait is the ability to prevent oncogenesis (the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells)

There are two important type of genes responsible for the development or cancer namely tumor suppressor because their normal function is

Tumour suppressor genes: In health this family of genes usually act as a counter balance for oncogenesis. It is thought that they may be responsible for repairing gene damage in cells, or are growth inhibitor genes. In Hodgkin’s disease, there are often evidences of mutation in tumour suppressor genes as well as other genes.

A biopsy of the suspected cancer tissue is the only definitive diagnosis (Davis, 2016). There are several different ways a biopsy can be obtained such as through an endoscopy, needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy. Once the biopsy is obtained the tissue is examined under a microscope to determine whether the tumor is malignant or benign, type of cancer, and the tumor grade ("Module 6: Cancer," 2011). The tumor grade refers to how similar or different the cells resemble the normal tissue. If the tumor cells resemble the normal tissue it is referred to as well differentiated and tends to be slow growing and leads to good prognosis. However, if the tumor cells do not resemble or only slightly resemble the normal tissue it is referred to as poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. This is usually indicative of a fast growing and more aggressive cells that may ultimately lead to a poorer prognosis (“Module 6: Cancer,” 2011).

He believes that circular DNA carries many copies of oncogenes increasing the tumors growth. During cell division eccDNA replicates like any other cell, but unlike chromosomal DNA. Circular DNA may not be evenly apportioned between daughter cells during cell division. As a result, eccDNA can massively increase the number of oncogenes in some cells and if the oncogenes give the cell a growth boost than oncogenes cells can take over the tumor cells.

On histopathology, the tumor is characterized by numerous giant cells, which vary in size from 10 µ to 100 µ and exhibit many centrally placed uniform nuclei. The other components of the tumor are the spindle cells. These are oval, elongated and contain large nuclei with a small amount of acidophilic cytoplasm. It is believed that the spindle cells are the malignant component of the tumor rather than the giant cells. Therefore, the tumor aggressiveness depends on the spindle cells and not the giant cells [ref].

So one of the advantages of using radio therapy is to kill the cancer cells that divide but the disadvantage here is that it might affect a dividing normal tissue cell and the damage to the normal cells will cause some unwanted side effect and this is another disadvantage for the radio therapy but it is always been a balance between minimizing the damage to the normal cells and destroying the cancer ones.

As such, it is important for the new doctor and patient to identify the poorly differentiated cancer cells that have the potential of spreading fast. This early recognition of this type of

the location of the tumor at any given instance during the treatment cycle was based on

Ultrasound, i.e. sound waves of frequency higher than 15-20 kHz, can cause inactivation of cell; besides ultrasound at

This ability of malign cancer to make their way across basement membrane and into blood vessels is what makes cancer so fatal and impossible to be cure by surgery alone. The result of metastasis and invasion in normal tissue by cancer cells are often seen as one of the distinctive features of malignancy (Ruoslahti 1996). Even though the ability of invasion and metastasis are one of the hallmarks for cancer, these abilities are not unique to cancer cells as it can also occur during the early development stage of the embryo, in healthy organisms and in many noncancerous diseases (Mareel & Leroy 2003). It does not matter whenever the organism has developed benign or malign cancer, all cancer cells have the ability to disturb the normal cell cycle and threaten the survival of the organism.