Turing, Searle, and Artificial Intelligence

Through this, Searle argues that if a human and machine receive the same input and then respond by the same output, how are they any different from one another? When given the same purpose, humans and machines have the same response, therefore machines may have a mind. Gilbert Ryle created The computational theory of mind that claims “Computers behave in seemingly rational ways; their inner program causes them to behave in this way and therefore mental states are just like computational states”. He continues on by saying that “If logic can be used to command, and these commands can be coded into logic, then these commands can be coded in terms of 1s and 0s, therefore giving modern computers logic. Through this, how is one to tell if robots don’t have minds if they use logic just like humans do. When the purpose of humans and machines are the same, they may process differently in order to complete that purpose, although they may have the same output. Because humans and machines receive the same input and return the same output, they both have minds in addition to functions and processes in order to do that.

When someone brings up the term “artificial intelligence”, a variety of connotations tend to arise, connotations that often are unfair or unrepresentative of the true real-world applications of such a term. Due to the incidentally fear-mongering nature of the media, artificial intelligence can refer to something as basic as a robotic arm in a factory, as well as the implied extinction and/or enslavement of the human race as caused by robo-revolution. As of today, however, when applied in the world of modern technology, artificial intelligence is defined as any innovation that performs a task usually completed by humans. Of course, with this definition, artificial intelligence holds the potential for both societal harm and benefit, and its fate

One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the

The principle of a strong AI is that an appropriately programmed computer is actually thinking, as opposed to simulating thought. © Principle is equivalent(c?) to accepting the Turing Test as the definition of thought. Which Searle would not be surprised to see that a machine still hasn’t passed. Searle’s argument is straightforward. Searle’s premise on the “Chinese Room” is that someone who understands English sitting in a room with a set of rules that tells this person how to respond to questions written in Chinese in such a way as to pass the Turing test. To Searle this person in the room doesn’t “understand” (e) Chinese. Understanding, being that real comprehension or thought isn’t existent. So to Searle, any machine that can be passed by systems, which behave in purely formal ways (eP), can be explained in purely formal ways ©, just like the Chinese Room, so it is not an adequate test. Main idea to Searle is that person answering Chinese questions is not engaged in “intentional” behavior with theses questions, and is not “thinking about”(eP? Merely reacting to a mix of emotions/past experience) the answers. Thus, the test is

Even with the correct programming a computer cannot freely think for itself, with its own conscious thought. John Searle is a philosopher of mind and language at UC Berkeley. Searle’s Chinese Room Argument is against the premise of Strong AI. He argues that even though a computer may have the ability to compute the use of syntax (Weak AI), a computer could not be able to understand the meaning behind the words it is communicating. Semantics convey both intentional and un-intentional content in communication. Though a computer could be programmed to recognize which words would convey the correct meaning of a symbol. This,

hidden humans. In any given session, there would be six imitation games running in parallel, and one given interrogator would meet all five answering machines and five hidden humans. The authors claim that the judges and hidden humans involved all were selected from a wide variety of backgrounds—both male and female, both adults and teenagers, some who already knew about the Turing test beforehand and others who did not. In this paper, the authors examined the data they had acquired in the tests to study what constitutes good machine performance in Turing’s imitation game.

The second claim of strong AI, which Searle objects to, is the claim that the system explains human understanding. Searle asserts that since the system is functioning, in this case passing the Turing Test, (Brigeman, 1980) there

This essay proved through a series of evidence that Brian Aldiss communicates in “Who Can Replace a Man” that machines are ultimately dependent on human intelligence. The machines argue logically but then shut down, obey human orders, and do not start working without receiving orders from the radio operated by

John Searle is an American philosopher who was known for creating the thought experiment, the Chinese room for challenging the idea of strong AI and functionalism. Searle’s work, Minds, Brains and Programs introduces the Chinese room and refutes some objections to the points he brings up.

Defining intelligence is extremely difficult and researchers now think that there are lots of different aspects to it, including; social, logical, creative, emotional and practical intelligence. The correct representation of the word is arguably a matter of opinion as there are many different definitions. With this argument in mind, it makes the task of arguing a Computers level of intelligence (if any) harder as, ultimately, each person’s definition could be different. A part of being intelligent is the ability for something/someone to be able to think for themselves which most computers aren’t able to do as they are simply programmed to perform certain functions which means that they are not in control of their response. However modern technologies have the propensity to make decisions based on an input from an end user. For example Apples ‘Siri’ service turns voice commands in visual and audio responses.

Artificial intelligence is “the capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning and manipulating factual and heuristic knowledge, including the ability to make decisions, understand language, and respond to outside stimuli.” (Hosea, Harikrishnan, Rajkumar 124). Today’s artificial intelligence is in its early stages, there are only a few systems that are able to reach the requirements to categorize these systems as intelligent. Thoughts and emotions are the two things that have

In attempting to answer the question of whether machines are able to think, Turing redesigns the question around the notion of machines’ effectiveness at mimicking human cognition. Turing proposes to gauge such effectiveness by a variation of an ‘imitation game,’ where a man and a woman are concealed from an interrogator who makes

Artificial Intelligence is a topic within the public media that has existed for decades, but is now a concern due to the reality of human advancement and innovation in the field of science and technology. Many people believe that computers will become self-aware or sentient and view humanity as a disposable resource and gain supremacy. Reasoning that research on the technology should halt and not become more advance. Whereas others believe they will help catapult research and the economy forward, supporting the operations and innovations the technology offers. The complicated and divided solutions to the debate aren’t obvious, but there are more benefits to improving artificial intelligence than there is stopping it. Therefore, the negative effects people believe will occur can be resolved.

With todays advanced level of technology, we contemplate and entertain the thought of computers actually becoming intelligent through artificial intelligence and eventually out perform the human brain. The problem is not just a struggle between the human brain and the computer processing unit of a machine, but whether or not human engineering and programing is as good or better than mother nature and evolution is or will ever be. The race to develop artificial intelligence that is capable cognitive awareness ultimately turns into a battle between the evolutionary process of nature and the accelerated progress of human science. However, science and nature have vastly different ways in how they process information.

The Information Revolution means it began with the digitization of individuals enterprises, which create networks of increasingly ubiquitous computers, mainframes in the 1950s and 1960s, mini-computers in the 1970s and 1980s, PCs in the 1980s and 1990s, in the half of 20th century, there were a dramatic changes of the digital, it outsource the other old-function: information management, the information revolution first start with Mechanical Calculating Devices at 1890 in U.S. census, than invented Turing’s Relay-Based Machine after that is the Vacuum Tube Compute, than is the first space launches which is Transistor-Based Machines, now it is Integrated Circuit Based PC (Kerschner E, n.d.). As a result it can reflect that before the information revolution it is a century of industrial management, which require more capital and labour. The information revolution ascending slowly till before but in the recent year it grow dramatically and in the future of the revolution, it may expected to explore the further step, like Three-Dimensional Chips, Optical computing, Nanotube circuitry, Crystalline Computing, DNA Computing or even more. Nowadays, information technology is a major part in the world, every people have a cell phone, laptop business use technology devices to communicate and storage the data, seems that the technology in the society are very important, it act a part of the human life, it is hard to live without the