Introduction Formally known as cryptophasia, idioglossia, or autonomous speech; twin speech is the construction of a language between a set twins or children close in age. The condition is said to occur in 40% to 47% of twins, Previously, the cause of twin speech was thought to be parents using baby talk with their children (Baker, 1987;). It is currently believed to be a product of social isolation (Golding-Bird & White, 1890). This perspective portrays twin speech as a tool for twins to communicate between themselves, as they have yet to acquire the L1 of their family. As with any language, there should be a set of predictable sounds, rules, and structures (Allocco, Jusczyk, & Smolensky, 2002). Aside from the constraints of Universal Grammar, the language should have a consistent syntax, morphology, and phonology. The goal of this research is to determine whether the languages of twin speech are actual languages or rearrangements of their parent’s language. Some estimates state 90% of lexical items are related to the parents language . The overwhelming similarity leads me to posit cryptophasics base their language entirely on the target L1. Rather than being fully constructed by the twins, the L1 is simply distorted between the twins. Methods The ideal participants are cryptophasic twins, ages 3 to 6. Twins within this age group are ideal because they are old enough to produce utterances consistently and have yet to reach the end of the critical period. It is important
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Language is a very important and significant part of individuals’ life. It is considered as one of the best device of social behavior. Language is a means with the help of which people communicate and send a social message to one another. But language does have very special characteristics according to which it changes and very depending on many factors. According to the researchers there are no two people who speak identically. Their languages vary as per their geographic location, age, gender, ethnicity, social background etc. many a time, it is observed that even the members from same family speak differently due to differences in their location ( Biber & Conrad, 2014). For example, in my neighborhood, there is a difference in the ways of
“The purpose of life is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear for newer and richer experience.” ― Eleanor Roosevelt. This is what Catherine, the main character of Catherine Called Birdy, written by Karen Cushman, learns as she goes through one year; 1290 CE-1291 CE full of exciting events in her village in Middle Ages England. Catherine, assumed to be thirteen, is facing a huge challenge, her father wants her to get married for the hope of increasing his profit. Catherine wants none of this business, however, and uses her own cleverness to stop suitors from getting an interest in her. But when she encounters a stubborn, old, greedy suitor she calls Shaggy Beard she tries but can do nothing
He found that children have a biological ability to detect phonology, syntax and semantics. Environmentally, children’s vocabularies are linked to family’s socioeconomic status. The child’s language is affected by the frequency of parents talking, child directed speech, and mother’s verbal response to infants. Language milestones are from 0-2 years. From birth children cry to communicate, at 2-4 months they coo, at 5 months they begin to understand words, at 6 they begin to babble, at 7-11 months they change from universal language to their specific language (their parents), from 8-12 months they use gestures to communicate, at 13 months the child’s first word is spoken, at 18 months vocabulary spurt starts, and from 18-24 the child uses two word utterances and understands words rapidly.
It is a well-known fact that children acquire language through their environment. From the time of birth, they are exposed to many different phonetics which allow them to shape words and form language. As parents and families utilize specific words as symbols for different concepts and ideas, children learn that they must use these to communicate their desires. This is evident in everyday life, for example those born in different parts of the world, who grow up hearing a predominant language, grow up speaking that language with all of the same particular nuances, slangs and variations that are present. Therefore, Amy Tan’s claim that “the language spoken in the family, especially in the immigrant families, plays a large role in shaping the language of the child,” is definitely viable.
Brock’s language development has not developed as it should have for his age. At eighteen months, he was speaking over fifty words and was talking in two word sentences, which was average. At two years of age, Brock began speaking in two or three telegraphic sentences. He has also expressed a great desire to learn new words. During his two and a half year developmental tests, Brock scored average in comprehension and production. He is also beginning to show more consistent use in conversational speech. At age three, he relies on complete sentences and understands what is being said. During his kindergarten developmental test, he was still average in vocabulary and a year later he could hold his own conversation with adults. According to his
Throughout history, across all cultures, people have been fascinated with twins. In addition to interest in the close emotional ties and biological similarities that twins may share, reports of special twin languages and twin extrasensory perception (ESP) help people to explore ideas of what it means to be human. How similar or different are they to each other? How important are genes and environment for development? Because identical twins share all of their genes, it is the environment—rather than genetics—that accounts for any differences between them.
During this initial observation on Tom and Lucy, I believed that I would not gain insight about their language use. Yet, during the process of analyzing my notes I have found that the session provided me with many insights. The session with Tom and Lucy involved the activity of a 45-minute game of catch with one Velcro grip mitten and a ball. The objective of the game was for a ball to be thrown between two people and caught with mittens. However, only one of them had a mitten, since I had misplaced the second mitten. Nevertheless, Tom and Lucy did not seem to mind and began to engage in play immediately.
Language is a communicative system of words and symbols unique to humans. The origins of language are still a mystery as fossil remains cannot speak. However, the rudiments of language can be inferred through studying linguistic development in children and the cognitive and communicative abilities of primates as discussed by Bridgeman (2003). This essay illustrates the skills infants have that will eventually help them to acquire language. The topics covered are firstly, the biological aspects, the contribution of the human brain to language development? Secondly, key theories of language development will be considered. Is the development innate? Is there a critical period? Thirdly, what must be learned? What are the rudiments infants must
After birth, the twin babies become even closer. A mother of fraternal twins, Sherry Warner, agrees that twins share a bond other siblings don’t from the day they are born; “The girls were the best of friends from the moment they were born. It seemed the only thing fought for was attention” (Warner). Some twin babies are even said to have created their own language that only they understand. Even Sherry Warner said her twins had their own incomprehensible language. Based on an excerpt from the Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae Twin Research, it is possible twins do in fact have their own language: “These “autonomous languages” exist in 40% of all twins, but often disappear soon” (“Language”). The creation of these languages at an age in which
However, Pinker (1994) then goes onto note that the particular sub-stage of reduplicated babbling occurs around 7-8 months, and states that the children will exercise phonemes and syllable patterns that are not specific to a singular language, but rather are seen as common across a variety of languages. Yet, Pinker (1994) does also argue that the children are able to distinguish between phonemes of their own mother tongue, which has been seen from birth, and this is seen to be more prominent by the time the child reaches the age of around 10 months. Pinker (1994) refers to this as the children no longer being ‘universal phoneticians’, and states that the children will no longer distinguish foreign phonemes.
All language theorists acknowledge nature and nurture both play significant roles in children’s language development. However, the theoretical debate to whether nature or nurture is the dominant tool during a child’s language
Five months ago, I discovered my drawing abilities. Now, I will never think of myself the same.
However, it can be argued with (Bruner 1964) that social interaction doesn’t explain all the complexities of language acquisition. Almost every day the language we hear is often incorrect, poorly defined, incomplete and full of hesitations, mispronunciations and other errors, and yet despite this we still learn to talk following the correct grammatical rules. Again this indicates the idea of Chomsky’s (1968) LAD model that children are born ‘hard-wired’ with the innate knowledge of linguistic rules and so these rules help the baby make estimations and presumptions about the language it is hearing. From these estimations and presumption the child can work out grammatical sets of rules and when more language is exposed to them, the more their language develops. Even within Chomsky’s (1968) LAD theory, undoubtedly he believed the role and promotion of the ‘nature’ aspect is the core foundation on which language can develop. But his theory also requires the role of nurture
Linguistics has impacted cognitive psychology as the quest to understand language acquisition and the structure of language itself is undertaken. Linguistics is a complex and multifaceted; it includes language structural patterns and language development (Barsalou, 2005). The process of language development is complicated and dense, as the study of language is examined; the role of cognition is inherently examined and analyzed. Sternberg (2006) also explores language as an innate process and presents the idea that humans are born ready for language as a biological and cognitive process.