Two-Point Discrimination Paper

People and other vertebrate creatures use specific tactile neurons to identify temperature, weight, and other physical jolts on the skin. These neurons are situated in the spinal segment and are associated with the skin

Think of Cairns and you immediately picture beaches and sunshine. What better to add to the mix than nudity? In Cairns, the unofficial nude beach is Buchan Point Beach or colloquially, Buchan's, just north of Buchan Point, and at the point where a driver first glimpses a breath taking vista of beaches stretching all the way north to Port Douglas.

My hypothesis of, if two points of a 2cm wide paper clip are pressed on different parts of the body such as the tip of the index finger, the back of the neck, the palm of the hand, the bicep, and the knee, then I will be able to determine that different parts of the body are more sensitive than others by checking if one or two points of the paper clip were felt after being poked, was proven to be true. From the results it is clear to see that different parts of your body happen to be more sensitive than others such as your finger tips and the back of your neck. All of the human subjects were able to feel both tips of the paperclip at the tip of their index finger while only being able to feel a point on the

Heidt (1981) found TT of benefit to cardiovascular patient. Heidt studied therapeutic touch (TT) using 30 patients as the subjects in three groups. Group A received TT, group B casual TT and group C none. Results showed a significant reduction in anxiety in group

Mechanoreceptors are structures in the body that enable people to experience physical sensations. They feed perceptible data to the brain in order to be processed. There are several forms of mechanoreceptors, intended to sense diverse types of perceptible information, and these constitutions function in different ways. In disorders concerning sensory sensitivity, some people have issues with their mechanoreceptors or the nervous system does not transfer information normally from these structures to the brain (place reference here).

Review, describing Hollinger and Buschmann (1993) as the authors of the “Perception of Touch Instrument”, which considers study measures for analyzing various forms of touch with direct participant observations and data collecting through surveys for data analysis. Consistently, with and characterizing “therapeutic touch” as a form of nonverbal communication, which incorporates specific tactile movements, to induce a calming physical affect (Routasalo 1999, p. 846). Moreover, gentle human touch provides a sense of comfort, kindness, and caring in a non- intrusive fashion, which is not limited to patients or nurses, but is a universal unspoken language utilizing

The Lab was performed by placing a piece of paper on a desk such that the edge of the paper was aligned with the edge of the desk. Next, the right-hand palm facing down with the third digit flexed such that it is perpendicular to the second and fourth digit was placed on the paper with the proximal aspect of the second and fourth phalanx aligned with the edge of the desk. Following the placement of the hand on the desk, the outline of the second and fourth digit was traced. The fingers were traced to the nearest fifth of millimeter. For accuracy, each finger was was measured three times and then the average of the three measurements was taken. The average ratio of the index finger to the ring finger was calculated by dividing the average length of the second digit by the length of the fourth digit. The measurements were then placed into an

The human body may not be equally receptive to touch, and sensitivity appears to vary from one part of the body to the other. The purpose of this lab is to determine which part of the body is the most sensitive in distinguishing separate pressure points. The skin which is thought to be more sensitive will recognize separate pressure points at a shorter distance. Skin unable to make out separate pressure points until a larger distance, is thought to be less sensitive. The sites of the body which will be tested are the face, back of neck, back of hand, palm of hand, and fingertip. If the fingertip is the most sensitive, then the fingertip will have the least two-point threshold. “Human fingers can identify textures whose ridges

Assess sensory awareness (e.g. cold from hot, dull from sharp, body part and joint sensation).

The article, Understanding Ayres Sensory Integration states, “ Sensory Processing is a generic term used to describe the way in which sensation is detected, transduced, and transmitted through the nervous system” (Smith, Mailloux, Miller-Kuhaneck, & Glennon, 2007). Ayres spent a majority of her career working with patients one on one, and the sensory intregration theory stemmed from her work with children living with Cerebral Palsy, and learning disorders (Brittanca, 2015). Sensory integration disorder has two different components. First, a person may over respond to a stimulus, which can cause extreme discomfort from a simple object, such as a tag on the back of a shirt. In contrast, a person with sensory integration disorder may under respond to a stimulus. An under response in the nervous system is very dangerous because, it can cause a person to not feel pain even in severe hot, or cold temperatures. From her research, Aryres constructed Sensory Integration Therapy. Britannca states, “sensory intergration therapy, stresses detailed evaluation and understanding of each child’s unique sensory style and challenged,

How information from outside world will be transformed to the brain? Receptors act as interface between external world and the brain. One type of receptors used in our bodies is tactile receptors. Tactile receptors have stretch-gated ions that will open by deformation of the skin and cause generation of a signal (tactile receptor activation). Receptors are located in receptive fields that are defined as an area to which a neuron responds. Skin has four types of tactile mechanoreceptors: Merkel Cells (Corpuscle), Meisnner’s corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle. Receptors are innervated by afferents. There are four types of mechanoreceptive afferent: Slowly Adapting Type-I, SAI (Merkel cell, static indentation), Slowly Adapting

In lab we used a metal compass to measure and to find our two-point threshold acuity. When Dario was measuring my two-point sensitivity, I was blindfolded and had to judge whether or not I felt one-point or two-points. We tested these on multiple locations being, the pad of my index finger, pinky and thumb. We also measured our two-point sensitivity on the center of my palm, back of my hand and the top and bottom of my forearm. We took these measurements by starting the metal compass at 1mm for each location. The experimenter would incrementally increase the metal compass after each trial until the participant said they felt two points. The experimenter would then verify that measurement and would repeat the measurement once again for accuracy. My results for my two-point threshold sensitivity can be found on the table above. However, we found that the pads of my fingertips had the greatest number of receptive field. This didn’t surprise me because it makes sense to have a greater number of receptive fields in areas that are most predominantly used for touch. Something that did surprise me though was how few of receptive fields I had on my palm, back of my hand and on the top and bottom of my forearms. It makes sense that I’d have fewer receptive fields in this area because I don’t use this for touch usually but how few of receptive fields I had in these areas really surprised me. These measurements tell us that the number of receptive fields are predominantly

The solid power of discrimination in modern Mexico stems from the construction of Mexican society during the Spanish colonization in the 1500’s. One of the most powerful weapons concealed by the European during the Conquest was hegemony. Hegemony is “a basic principle of social control, in which a ruling class dominates others ideologically, with a minimum of physical force, by making its dominance seem natural and inevitable” (Chasteen, 2001). Thus, by using hegemony, the Spaniard convinced the native peoples of America to accept their place below the Spaniards and forced them to see the conquerors as superior beings worthy of obedience. By establishing their superiority, the Spaniards were able to control and dominate the indigenous people, forcing the Spanish culture, religion, and language onto the population. As a result, indigenous people started to distance themselves from their roots and their own people, creating a damaging prejudice and bigotry that has been passed down through generations in Mexican families. Indigenous people turned against each other. They mixed with the Spaniards – creating new castes, dividing the people and providing them with power and social status based on the lightness of their skin. This feeling exists even today, white skinned people are seen as more honest and trustworthy, thus deserving privileges and power; while the darker skinned people are seen as a resemblance of the indigenous people indicating inferiority and implying a need to

* Sensations: The cutaneous sensations like touch, pressure, vibration, pain, cold, hot, etc, are felt by the skin.

The word Haptic is derived from the Greek word “haptesthai”. Haptic technology or haptics is tactile feedback that takes advantage of user’s sense of touch by applying forces, vibration and motion to the user [1]. The definition of haptics includes all aspects of information acquisition and object manipulation through touch by humans, machines, or a combination of the both and the environments can be real, virtual or tele-operated. Now a days the term "haptic interface" has been used by researchers to describe devices that measure the motion and stimulate the sensory capabilities of our hands. There is a long history in the