Typ Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Study

Type 2 Diabetes in children and adolescents is an emerging epidemic within the last 20

With over 30 million people having diabetes, the prevalence is continuing to rise. An estimated 200,000 American youth are effected by type 1 diabetes and 40,000 new cases are diagnosed each year¹. The rate for type 1 diabetes in youth has increased by 1.8% each year. In comparison, the prevalence for type 2 diabetes in youth has increased at a rate of 4.8% annually². No matter whether diabetes is type 1 or type 2 in children, family involvement is essential for optimal outcomes³.

Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that is affecting children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height and can result in serious medical conditions. The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased significantly over the past ten years. Childhood diabetes has been on the rise since the early 90’s and continues to rise. In the article, “Don’t Blame the Eater” David Zinczenko, shows that “ Before 1994… only about 5 percent of childhood cases were obesity-related, or Type 2, diabetes. Today...Type 2 diabetes accounts for at least 30 percent of new childhood cases of diabetes in this country” (463). Type 2

According to the United States Library of Medicine, diabetes is a disease that occurs when the body does not make or use insulin correctly, therefore causing fluctuating amounts of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of adults and children from various cultures. According to the American Diabetes Association (2014), someone is diagnosed with diabetes every 19 seconds. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention most recent statistical report indicated there were 29.1 million adults and children affected by diabetes. Those numbers are astounding. Unfortunately, the American Diabetes Association (2014) estimates by year of 2050, one out of three adults will have diabetes. Therefore, it is imperative that adults take aggressive measures to prevent this disease. By the same token, diabetes diagnosed in children and adolescent is becoming more prevalent every day. The American Diabetes Association (2014) reported there were about 216, 00 children in the United States with diabetes. It is predicted that one out three children will be diagnosed with diabetes in their life. The statistics for both adults and children with diabetes are frightening; however, early detection can help lower the risk of developing the debilitating effects of diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013).

According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revelead that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstain 2002).Although type 2 diabetes is effecting all races,it was identified highly in south Asians and also worlds one-third diabetic population is from indian continent ( Jean 2008). According to the report from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in United states of America, nearly 25.8 million people have been affected by diabetes in 2010 with 90- 95% of them being type 2 DM (CDC 2011). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by the deficiency and resistance of the

Children can reduce the risk of being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by changing their eating habits and participate in physical activity. Weight in children has become a great concern because more children are becoming overweight or obese, hence increases the number of cases of children being exposed for pre-diabetes or already have the disease. According to Wilson, type 2 diabetes is more common in individuals with a family history of diabetes and in young female adults (2013). Furthermore, when children are diagnosed with this disease it places them more at risk for other non-communicable diseases such as heart disease. Hence, they are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease and blindness. Children with the presence of insulin resistance have a high risk for type 2 diabetes. Most of the children affected are minority overweight children (International Journal of Obesity, 2009).

In the article Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Young Adults: A New Epidemic by Francine Ratner Kaufman mentions that in the past decade there has been an increase in child obesity usually causing the diagnoses of type two diabetes in children. In this past decade there has been an over all eight to forty five percent increase. The increase of this diagnosis is now being referred to as the diabetes epidemic. According to Medical News Today, diabetes is also mentioned as the diabetes mellitus; it is a disorder in which a person has high blood glucose levels, because there is not enough insulin production or because the body does not respond to the insulin itself. People with this disorder experience frequent urination, extreme thirst, and increased hunger. Healthier school lunches will lead to healthier nutritional choices throughout the children’s life. Through making healthier school lunches normal, which include junk food as opposed to the children’s exceptions, he/she will unintentionally learn about nutrition, healthier meals and increase their knowledge about why eating healthy is a worthy choice. Children who are provided with sugary and fatty foods at school or at their homes can develop poor eating habits that can last a lifetime. If a children’s eating habit needs to be changed there is no better place than school, because it is where he/she spends most of his/her

Teens and children in North America are starting to suffer from diabetes at such an earlier age. This disease tends to be more common with children that are overweight. “..type 2 diabetes affect about 186,000 youth under age 20.”(Kaufman ,et al., 2009) Diabetes is very common when people create a diet full on unhealthy foods, no portion control and limited to no physical activity at all. Maintaining a healthy diet but also lifestyle is key when it comes to lowering your risk for diabetes. “Careful ongoing

Over the last three decades there has been a steady increase in childhood and adolescent type II diabetes. One of the issues for the cause of the increase in this form of diabetes is obesity. Obesity is not always a factor for type II diabetes, but it is one the children and adolescents. A reason that this is also a problem is there is not enough research or data for treatments or way to help prevent type II diabetes in this young age range. When studies are done it is mainly on children in of the same backgrounds and ethnicities. Researches and physicians both agree that more information is need to educate and treat the young population. While more information is useful, it would be helpful to start early education, before diabetes has a chance to start in childhood. Exercise and nutrition programs can be started to help parents and children be aware of all the possible dangers that diabetes can cause to the body. These programs can also show the other diseases that can develop form having this avoidable and curable disease.

Type 2 diabetes is A very prominent issue in our community, usually it is older people who get it, however it is becoming an increasing issue as younger children are getting it. “ In 1996 approximately 81,000 people in New Zealand were known to have Type 2 diabetes. By 2011, these numbers have dramatically increased to over 156,000 people in New Zealand diagnosed.” 1 Overall, diabetes is becoming a bigger and bigger threat to our community. Looking at america however it is worse, “Results from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using measured heights and weights, indicate that an estimated 16 to 17 percent of children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 years had a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the age- and sex-specific BMI— about double the number of two decades ago.” 2 This data is effectively saying 17% of adolescents between 2 and 19 have a bmi that is 95% higher than everyone else, this means that almost ⅕ of America 's population is overweight and or obese. With more and more sugar being introduced into food, this number is increasing and if nothing is done about it it will eventually make it so it will be opposite, that only 17% of the population of people between 3 and

“Diabetes is one of the leading chronic causes of deaths in children and adolescent’s in the United States. Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases that is characterized by high levels of glucose in the bloodstream, resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action or even both” (Overview, 1). “Diabetes is a serious health issue and can be associated with premature death or serious complications. Timely diagnosed treatment of diabetes can delay or prevent any onset of long-term complications, such as damage to blood vessels, kidneys, gums, skin, teeth, and many other complications” (Overview, 1). “Diabetes can be difficult to deal with during the time of adolescence. People with diabetes or those who have family members with diabetes should be very well informed” (Cho, 1).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rate of childhood obesity has doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years (“Childhood Obesity Facts”). With increasing rates of childhood obesity, it’s not a surprise that diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases found among children in the United States today (“Diabetes in Youth”). In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association, an estimated 208,000 Americans under the age of 20 will be diagnosed with diabetes in one year. Diabetes, or commonly referred to as diabetes mellitus by doctors and professionals, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. To understand how one’s body produces and reacts to sugar, one must have a basic knowledge of glucose and insulin. Humans obtain glucose from the foods they intake. Glucose is a vital source of energy for the body’s cells and tissues. Insulin is a hormone that allows cells to turn glucose into energy; insulin helps transport glucose into the body’s tissues, thus giving cells the energy required to carry out the processes necessary for life. If a person’s body does not produce enough insulin needed for the body to function efficiently, the glucose stays in their blood, thus accumulating and causing a high level of blood sugar. (Medline Plus)

What was once thought to be found only among adults has become one of the most common chronic diseases among children in the United States. Ordinarily, when diabetes strikes during childhood it is assumed to be type 1. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study began in 2000 and has provided the most comprehensive estimates of the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes among youth less than 20 years of age in the US (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that annually, an estimated 18,436 youth are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, and 5,089 youth are diagnosed with type 2 among youth. In the last two decades, type 2 diabetes, has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency. Disease researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made the prediction that one in three children born in the United States in 2000 will likely develop type 2 diabetes sometime in their lifetime unless they get more exercise and improve their diets, particularly for Latino children (CDC, 2014). Without changes in diet and exercise, their odds of developing diabetes as they grow older was about 50-50.

Within the teaching plan it is important to incorporate all the aspects of Type 2 Diabetes prevention. To know the history of Type 2 Diabetes it is vital that everyone in the community knows the past struggles of this condition and the efforts that have been made to treat and prevent Type 2 Diabetes. In like matter, the inclusion of Type 2 Diabetes overview is presented, which includes the process of the pancreas that release’s insulin to the bloodstream to help decrease blood sugar levels. Overtime the increased blood sugar levels lead to other health complications, such as eye, kidneys, nerves, and heart problems. Moreover, the presentation presents with the risk factors to Type 2 Diabetes, which includes family history of diabetes, being overweight, unhealthy diet, physical