Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Dyslipidemia is a comorbidity in diabetes. Free relationship between hoisted triglycerides (TG), cardiovascular (CV) and mortality is to a great extent begging to be proven wrong. Lifted TG is associated with high thickness lipoprotein (HDL), low thickness lipoprotein (LDL) and different lipoproteins. Hypertriglyceridemia is connected with impressively expanded long haul mortality and cardiovascular danger. Relationships between's lower HDL cholesterol prompted contemplates prescribing that HDL qualities could be refered to as more probable benefactors to chance than the TG themselves. Grouping of hoisted TG as a noteworthy CV hazard component is thusly imperative since it manages whether high TG ought to be an objective for treatment. Sort 2 diabetes is classified by both insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. In hyperlipidemia patients, free unsaturated fats go about as forerunners to glycogenesis in the liver, in this manner expanding apoptosis in beta cells of the pancreas and expanding insulin resistance in muscles. This along these lines results in diminished insulin emission and tenacious hyperglycemia.

Why do we treat diabetes? There are a number of downstream events associated with abnormal blood glucose levels. If glucose levels are managed properly, the complications associated diabetes can be controlled, and sometimes completely prevented. The main problem with having more than the normal amount of glucose circulating in the blood stream is the effect that excess glucose can have on both large and small blood vessels (DTC, 2004). Micro-vascular and macro-vascular problems associated with diabetes can be seen in the heart, eyes, kidney, legs and feet. Diabetic patients are twice as likely to suffer from a mycocardial infaraction, twenty-five times more likely to suffer blindness, and seventeen times more likely to suffer kidney failure compared to a non-diabetic (DTC, 2004). Because of great number of risks associated with abnormal blood glucose levels, diabetes is aggressively treated to improve the quality of life and prevent complications in patients.

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

This article goes in detail about the complications of Type 2 Diabetes, on how hyperglycemia damages the vascular system leading to microvascular disease and macrovascular disease. The complications of microvascular disease are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, with macrovascular disease includes Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), such as Atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the article gives recommendations of treating Type 2 Diabetes and the prevention of its health related complications with medication, screening, diet, and exercise.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease in which blood glucose, or sugar, levels in the body are above normal. When we eat food it is turned into glucose and our bodies use it for energy. The pancreas is an organ that makes a

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Evidence has shown that an improvement in blood glucose control, as shown by a reduction in HbA1c levels, is associated with a reduction in microvascular complications (2,3,4).

One source of great mortality and morbidity in Europe and North America is the cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis. It is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intermediate and large arteries characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall and is the primary cause of coronary and cerebrovascular heart disease (Wilson, 2005). It accounts for 4.35 million deaths in Europe and 35% death in the UK each year. Mortality rate are generally higher in men than pre-menopausal woman. Past the menopause, a woman’s risk is similar to a man’s (George and Johnston, 2010). Clinical trials have confirmed that lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, inflammation matrix alteration and foam cell formation are

Hadi AR Hadi and Jassim Al Suwaidi. Endothelial dysfunction in ‎diabetes mellitus. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008 January; 3(6): 853–‎‎876.‎

The pathophysiology on cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, heart disease, and coronary artery disease) has skyrocketed since the early 1990s. The pathophysiological continuum runs hand-in-hand with the plan and with the clinical continuum. Thus meaning, that this will provide researchers with a description in the progressive process of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, at the molecular level or even the cellular level for these types of diseases (Demarco, Aroor, & Sowers, 2014). Cardiovascular disease also leads to endothelial dysfunction which often leads to a lot of bad health events to happen such as vascular remodeling and inflammation in the target-organ pathology. Factors like hypertension, smoking, drinking alcohol, diabetes,

The patient diabetic condition also plays a part in compromising the cardiovascular function. Having high blood sugar level, over time accumulates fatty deposits in the blood vessels.

In order to further investigate the aetiology and pathophysiology of renal microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, papers were reviewed through 2000 using the NIH PubMed Literature Search System. Inclusion criteria were that manuscripts 1) be primary peer-review research article; 2) concisely explained, or investigated, the pathophysiology of renal microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes; 3) be published in English.

Macrovascular inconveniences –are brought on by the dynamic improvement of atherosclerosis in the significant conduits of the body (aorta, carotid, coronaries and illiac vessels) prompting to myocardial dead tissue, heart disappointment, stroke, and fringe vascular malady –These difficulties have all the earmarks of being more identified with the other metabolic anomalies that most normally go with diabetes, basically hypertension, lipid variations from the norm, and expanded thrombogenesis as opposed to the real hyperglycemia alone.

The article I chose for the patient I had in clinical is titled Heart in Diabetes: A microvascular disease. I chose it based on his diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and his need for coronary artery bypass graft. The study looked at clinical trials for the “common soil hypothesis in diabetes complications” and how diabetes is associated with cardiovascular disease and death. It confirmed that the risk of macrovascular disease, but especially coronary artery disease, is increased two-four times in diabetic patients. The article also said that while there are many other factors in the risk for death from cardiovascular disease, the effects that diabetes has on the microvascular system has a substantially higher detrimental

According to Li, Gutterman, Rusch, Bubolz, and Liu (2004) the coronary arteries incubated in low glucose and normal glucose contracted normally. However, true to form, high glucose did not respond to 4-aminopyridine. This was consistent with the deviations often found in the high glucose samples.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by infiltration of blood vessels by lipids and leukocytes. There is a growing body of evidence that among risk factors that promote atherosclerosis, the metabolic syndrome is a powerful and prevalent predictor of cardiovascular events. The systemic inflammatory process associated with the metabolic syndrome has numerous deleterious effects that promote plaque activation, which is responsible for clinical events. Interactions between the innate immune system with lipid?derived products seem to play a major role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in relation with the metabolic syndrome. The multiple links among adipose tissue, the vascular wall, and the immune system are the