Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is caused by a lack of absolute or relative insulin, in which there is a defect in insulin secretion and/or its action. The hormone insulin is produced by the pancreas and is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels. The pancreas normalizes elevations in blood glucose by lowering its levels by releasing insulin (1). In diabetic persons, the inadequate production of and/or reaction to insulin results in manifestations of hyperglycemia, other metabolic derangements, and long-term damage to blood vessels, eyes, nerves, kidneys, and the heart (2). Consequently, diabetes is a leading cause of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke (3). These conditions experienced by diabetic persons are the result of damage to small vessels, as diabetes increases conditions of hardening and narrowing within the arteries.
In both men and women, diabetes is the most common chronic endocrine disorder (4). Concerns regarding the increase in incidence of diabetes make it a global public health issue of epidemic proportions (5). Globally, more than 347 million people have diabetes, and the world health organization
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Like many genes HLA-DR and HLA-DQ have a multitude of alternative forms that have arisen by mutation that are specifically classified alleles. Variations of alleles of these genes increase or decrease an individual’s likelihood in developing type 1 diabetes. The DR gene is inherited from both parents. The combination of forms inherited determines an individual’s overall susceptibility, as seen in table 1. DR3 and DR4 are observed in ninety percent of type 1 diabetics, and thirty percent exhibit inheritance of both DR3 and DR4. Thirty-five percent of the general population have DR3 or DR4, and less than three percent possess both
Uncontrolled diabetes can affect nearly every organ of the body; of which, heart disease and kidney failure are most commonly impacted. Known as diabetes mellitus, a collective term for various blood abnormalities, the term diabetes refers to either a scarcity of insulin in the body or the body’s inability to accept insulin. Though the symptoms of diabetes are manageable, many are unaware as to having it. According to the CDC report “2011 Diabetes Fact Sheet,” approximately 6 million people in the United States have undiagnosed diabetes. Undetected, diabetes can become deadly. In a recent World Health Organization report “Diabetes Action Now: An Initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation,” it
The heart, nerves, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes and other organs can be negatively impacted by uncontrolled diabetes. The goal is to keep the blood sugar normal most of the time to avoid these complications.
The level of insulin produced varies despite its availability; insulin resistance diminishes the function. The resistances forces the pancreas to work harder and create more insulin, sometimes exceeding the supply, whatever the cause there is a adequate amount to prevent breakdown of fats. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form out of all the diabetes, affecting 85-90% of all people with diabetes. 956,000 people have type 2 diabetes in Australia. It usually can occur at any age, but seen in more middle aged and older people. Cases associated with Type 2 diabetes are generally seen with obesity, physical inactivity, family hereditary and older age. There is a strong genetic predisposition, the risk factors commonly increased due to lifestyle determinants such as being overweight, having high blood pressure, insufficient physical activity and poor diet. Initially Type 2 diabetes can be managed by having a healthy diet and doing regular physically exercise and weight loss. Tablets may also control it and some people may need
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.
There are a number of different healthcare professionals who treat diabetes. While many people work with their primary care physician to manage diabetes, others rely on one or more doctors and specialists to monitor their condition. Talk to your doctor about testing if you are at risk for diabetes or begin experiencing symptoms associated with the disease. The following sections discuss the different doctors and specialists who can assist in various aspects of diabetes diagnosis and care.
The Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as clear as type 2 but having a parent, brother, or sister with type 1 diabetes you at risk of developing type 1 diabetes,
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases to this day. With over 171 million cases of diabetes all over the world, this disease is spreading exponentially fast. Lesser known as Diabetes Mellitus, this disease is all about the amounts of sugar in one's body. Glucose, in particular. Glucose is the powerhouse of the body. It helps run your body by transforming into the energy that we use to function on a daily basis. Whether or not one's diabetes is minor or even off the charts it can lead to terrible outcomes. These include stroke, blindness, vascular disease and heart disease. As mentioned before, the major symptom of diabetes is that too much sugar is in one's body. This is similar to a disease previously mentioned, hemochromatosis. However,
In order for our message to have maximum impact we must ensure it gets in the hands of as many children as possible. This includes children with Type 1 diabetes as well as children without it, as both groups must have access to the information in order to completely normalize the disease amongst children. In order to get the book in the hands of children with diabetes, the simplest dissemination method would be to give the books to paediatricians and paediatric psychologists who could give the book to all children, or parents of children, diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes. But more broadly, to ensure the book reaches all children, with or without the disease, the book could be give to schools and public libraries. An ideal dissemination method
During 2008-2009, 18,436 people younger than twenty years of age were diagnosed with type one diabetes. Because of diabetes, 18,436 people had to completely change their way of life for a disease that is currently incurable. Out of the U.S population, 9.3%, or 29.1 million people, currently live with diabetes. Each year, 40,000 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed in the U.S. Between 2001 and 2009, the number of cases of type one diabetes in people younger than twenty years of age increased by 21%. The annual healthcare costs associated with type one diabetes totals $14 billion. Diabetes is a life-altering disease whose affects can be seen at all stages of life. If it is not well managed, diabetes can result in blindness, nerve damage, loss of limbs, cardiovascular problems, and death.
Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder involving carbohydrates, protein, fat metabolism and insulin. “It affects over 26 million people in the United States, 25% of those people are under diagnosed with the condition” (Sawyer, pg 324). “More than 79 million people have “prediabetes,” a condition in which blood glucose is higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes” (Sawyer, pg 324). Over the years more than 70,000 people die each year from this disease. Diabetes can be classified into 3 different types.
There are many individuals that strive for balance which involves health in their lives. There is a disease that is the fastest growing in the world which is diabetes. Diabetes is a disease where sugar builds up in a person’s blood, and it can also have an effect on people’s daily life and can occur in an individual for many reasons like due to when the insulin production is unbeneficial or the body 's cells do not make enough sugar, obesity, or eating none nutritional food.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a serious public health problem in the world that has an adverse effect on the quality of life of several people (Al-Sarayra & Khalidi, 2012; Azinge, 2013)1. It is highlighted for morbidity and mortality (Khattab, Khader, Al-Khawaldeh, & Ajlouni, 2010; Sagar, 2011)2. World Health Organization (WHO) defines DM as metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that results from disturbances in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes is associated with reduced life expectancy; the significant morbidity associated with diabetes arises from micro vascular complications, increased risk of macro vascular complications (like ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease), and diminished quality of life3 (WHO, 1999).
With great diversity of the effects of diabetes, the amounts of causes are just as plentiful. Type 1 diabetes is caused by lack of insulin because of beta cells, the cells in the bosdy that produce insulin, either not producing enough insulin to support the entire body or beta cells being destroyed entirely by autoimmune diseases, where white blood cells and the body’s own immune system attack the beta cells, limiting the amount of insulin being produced. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a group of researchers providing information on various diseases, which wrote,
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Diabetes is projected to be the 7th leading cause of death by 2030. 350 million people are affected by diabetes worldwide. (WHO, 2014) In 2012, an estimated 30 million are American and of them –210,000 are children and young adolescents under 20. (ADA, 2012) Diabetes mellitus, or commonly referred to as diabetes, is a chronic and non-infectious disease where there is an increase in blood glucose, sugar that our bodies use for energy. An organ close to the stomach, called the pancreas, produces insulin that regulates glucose and allows it to function properly. When an individual is affected with diabetes there is either a deficiency in