Type 1 Immune Response Essay

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a component of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that causes sepsis [20]. Bacterial toxins play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and mechanisms of multiple organ system dysfunction. However, the literature illustrates that no single mediator/system/pathway/pathogen drives the pathophysiology of sepsis [21]. Current knowledge on sepsis pathogenesis [1, 22-26] includes infection development and interaction with the host before bacteria enter the bloodstream. Actually, the mechanisms of host defense in extravasal compartment (local immunity) is different from the mechanisms of intravasal (bloodstream) defenense because extravasal defense is provided mainly by leukocytes whereas intravasal cellular defense is fulfilled by erythrocytes. The humoral immunity events of pre-septic stage affect bacteremic (septic) stage and interfere with the study of sepsis “per se.” As a result, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of some pivotal aspects of sepsis remain

If the antigens do manage to enter the body, then your immune system will try to detect the virus and abolish it before it begins to spread. 3. If the virus does reproduce and begins to cause problems, your immune system is then responsible for eliminating it.

MedImmune is dedicated to helping patients live better lives through advances in science and medicine. Hundreds of thousands of patients have benefited from their products, which are designed to treat or prevent infectious diseases, cancer and inflammatory diseases (Wikipedia, 2012). Their extensive research and development efforts are focused on these same areas.

The innate immune system is effective to a certain degree. That said, if the environment is regulated then the body is less likely to get ill. Innate immunity is effective as once the patient matures his immune system will mature due to the B and T memory cells. The memory cells will help the body prepare for the virus once it has arrived. The memory cells will send specialised lymph nodes to the invading pathogen. The B and T memory cells are key to immunity of a virus.

Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual Type B.

This is called antigenic "drift." This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift." It isn't as stable of a change but if it does make a successful and complete mutation it can become so deadly that another pandemic. Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual Type B.

The vaccine given to the children contained live but sufficiently weakened or attenuated viruses to stimulate immune response. The capacity to stimulate immune response was from the ability of human immune system to distinguish non-self cells that carry epitopes. First, the immune B cells with antibody would bind and engulf to process the attenuated virus. Then, helper T cells would bind to the processed virus and form plasma cell. The plasma cells then stimulate the production of more antibodies to mark virus for destruction. After destruction, some of the B cells and helper T cells left form memory cells to produce immediate response to 2nd attack of the same viruses.

Stages of Infection and immunity The infection has different stages in cattle and the duration and strength vary according to a cattles immunity, age, health, previous exposure to the infection (Kretzschmar and Wallinga, 2010). Cattle which is not infected, has a chance of getting infected and is said to be in susceptible stage. Cattles immunity system may destroy the infectious organism. It may continue to stay inside a cattles body depending upon immunity characteristics.

Immunotherapy is a form of medical treatment intended to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. This can be by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while those that reduce or suppress immune response are suppression immunotherapies. Active immunotherapy has been effective against agents that normally cause acute self-limiting infectious disease. However, a more effective immunotherapy for chronic infectious diseases or cancer requires the use of appropriate target antigens; the

While mounting of inflammatory response is critical in eradicating bacterial infection, systemic bacterial infection can lead to an acute pro-inflammatory response, which may result in sepsis. Currently, no effective therapy is available to inhibit the activation phase of the acute inflammatory response to infection. A new group of host-protective lipids termed 13-series resolvins were demonstrated to promote bacterial phagocytosis, reduce recruitment of neutrophils to the site of inflammation, reduce inflammasome activation and augment host recovery from systemic infection by accelerating the resolution of the acute inflammatory response (48). I.p. injection of resolvins into mice infected with E. coli showed 40% increase in survival

The pros and cons of children immunization is my topic because being in the medical field it is my duty and responsibility to educate parents about the vaccinations which child is receiving and be able to explain to the parents what the vaccination is for and how to protect their child from illness or deadly diseases. According to MedlinePlus website the meaning of immunization (vaccination) is a way to trigger your immune system and prevent serious, life threatening diseases.17

Pathogenic L. monocytogenes go through an intracellular life cycle involving early escape from the phagocytic vacuole, rapid intracytoplasmic multiplication, bacterially induced actin-based motility, and direct spread to neighboring cells, in which they reinitiate the cycle. The bacterium is first phagocytosed by these cells and secretes a pore-forming toxin called listeriolysin, which allows the bacterium to escape from the phagosome. All virulent strains of L. monocytogenes synthesize and secrete listeriolysin. Phospholipase A and B are other virulence factors that facilitate escape of L. monocytogenes from the phagosome. Once out of the phagosome L. monocytogenes is capable of rapid division in the cytoplasm, evading the immune response and moving throughout the cytoplasm from cell to cell. L. monocytogenes is well known for its ability to propel itself like a rocket through the cell cytoplasm. This is the result of the bacterium’s ability to polymerize actin filaments at its tail end. Actin is arranged in subunits to form microfilaments that are capable of directing cell movement. L. monocytogenes accomplishes cell motility through a virulence factor called ActA that takes advantage of normal actin polymerization going on in the cell. The ActA protein shares sequence homology with a protein called WASP that is found in virtually all eukaryotic cells. WASP is responsible for recognizing and

immune system keeps the virus inactive, but it is possible for the virus to reactivate and cause a

Whilst this is occurring, memory B cells figure out the shape of the antigen and remember it. This allows the B cells to produce antibodies much faster if the pathogen reinfects the person. The problem with the human immune system is that it takes approximately three weeks to reach peak antibody concentration and remove all of the pathogens in the body. Many pathogenic diseases (tetanus, polio, meningococcal etc) will kill the individual before the 3rd line of defence has the chance to destroy them. Vaccination involves injecting antigens (in the form of attenuated pathogens or pathogen parts) into the body. This causes the same immune response that would occur if the individual was infected with the actual disease; however, because the pathogens have been weakened (or killed) and had their reproductive ability inhibited, they cannot kill. This means that If the individual is infected by the pathogen in the future, he/she is extremely unlikely to get the disease (RNA based viruses such as Influenza are exempt from this due to their antigenic shift/drift ability). The use of repeated vaccination (eg. vaccination for a particular disease at two, four and six years of age) enhances the immune system even more.

Most adults suffer between 2–4 colds and flus each year. A person is contagious from the day before the illness breaks out until 1–3 days after they feel better. A cold usually lasts only a few days, while the flu can last several weeks to a month. The symptoms of a cold can include a general feeling of discomfort, a headache, nasal dryness and/or runny nose, and congestion of the upper respiratory tract.