Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Study

The health disparities among the Blacks/African American is on the rise which is of being mostly affected by diabetes the United States and Maryland. Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are connected which can lead to increase mortality among this population. In that matter, the Health Empowerment African Americans Diabetes Program proposal includes my creating awareness which will offer diabetes education as connected to other commodities and self-management and counseling. This will be done through outreach programs in the community in health classes and health fairs through health screening, blood glucose screening, A1C, exercise activities, body mass index (BMI), weight, monitoring of individual self-monitor log, and

The Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention within IHS has developed the Diabetes Care and Outcomes Audit to monitor diabetes clinical care, and has created diabetes surveillance systems for tracking diabetes prevalence and related health complications (US Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2015). The IHS also established the Special Diabetes Program for Indians (SDPI). The SDPI is a federally funded program that focuses on diabetes treatment and prevention programs and activities in hundreds of tribal communities within the US. The SDPI encompasses several efforts including the community-directed diabetes program, which focuses on local treatments and prevention programs (USDHHS, 2015). The Program also includes Indian Health Diabetes Best Practices. Developed by Native American health system professionals, these consensus-based approaches are used to implement or improve diabetes treatment and prevention. These Best Practices emphasize adult weight management, nutrition and physical activity, scientific research, diabetes program evaluations, and treatment and prevention of cardiovascular and kidney disease (USDHHS, 2015). The IHS also supports and funds external research programs and interventions

There are nearly 30 million people living with diabetes in the U.S. African Americans are disproportionately affected by diabetes, with 13.2% having been diagnosed with diabetes, compared to 7.6% of non-Hispanic whites. They are also at an increased risk for serious complications of diabetes, which include blindness, kidney disease and amputations. Although the risk for complications can’t be eliminated, good control of diabetes has been shown to reduce those risks.

According to Healthy People 2020 (2014), diabetes affects over 29 million people in the United States, with another estimated 28 percent of the population having undiagnosed cases. Of those at risk, African Americans are almost 2 times more likely to be diagnosed as opposed to their Caucasian counterparts. Many preventable associated factors include limited knowledge regarding disease processes, healthy diet, and limited knowledge of one’s own body. Our goal is to provide our African American community the opportunity to learn more about diabetes and how to reduce the risk of type II diabetes and signs and symptoms of diabetes during a community event.

Diabetes is continuing to progress in minorities and published in 2011 indicate that about 26 million Americans have diabetes, or about 8.3% of the US population. An additional, 79 million Americans have pre-diabetes, placing them at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes. (Hill J, Galloway JM, Goley A, et al. 2013). The public health burden of diabetes is even more evident in most racial and ethnic minority groups. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other comorbidities, including mortality, are higher for African Americans and Hispanics, the largest racial/ethnic minority groups in the US. Despite the reported successes seen in several national diabetes prevention and control studies, there is still more to be done to understand the best mechanisms for translating the results to patient care ( Spruill, IJ, Magwood GS, Nemeth, L. S & Williams, TH

When it comes to diabetes, there are no pros about this health problem. Conversely, there are many cons to this health issue. Most importantly, this disease has many complications, and one major complication is heart disease (CDC, 2015). Also, individuals with diabetes are fours time more likely to die due to heart disease, and is considered the top cause of death (CDC, 2015). According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2014), individuals of Hispanic descent have more complications and disability from diabetes, and there is high importance to reduce this among this population. However, another con, is a lack of resources for Mexican immigrants in self-management of diabetes. A study by Schneiderman et al. (2014), found that 47.9 percent of participants did not have health coverage, and 41.3 percent of participants did not know about their diabetes disease. Staggering results show that there is a need for support in various areas in the management of diabetes. As a result, my stance on this rising issue, is that diabetes can be managed with adequate resources, education and collaboration, especially in incorporating folk beliefs, that will lead to healthier lives for Mexican Immigrants (CDC, 2015; Gordon, 1994).

Islam et al. (2013) set out to determine if a tailoring a sequence of six group education/support sessions to culture will improves the risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Koreans living in New York City. Diabetes prevention programs with ongoing education and support have been proven to be helpful in preventing diabetes, yet there Islam et al. (2013) identified a gap in the literature regarding culturally tailored programs for the Korean community. A study of Korean Americans living in Baltimore-Washington area demonstrated efficacy in a 2009 study (Kim, et. al. 2009).

According to Rhee et al., “approximately 29.1 million people or 9.1% of the U.S. population currently has diabetes (2015)”. As the rise in diabetes continues so is the cost of medical care. Physical activity and proper nutrition and are the cornerstone of treatment and prevention of T2D. In addition to lifestyle modifications, controlling blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure dramatically improves health outcomes (American Herat Association [AHA], 2015). Furthermore, Increasing awareness, knowledge and understanding about diabetes among patients, health care professionals, and the community is crucial. A global perspective of the epidemic of T2D is essential to understand the true dimensions of the disease burden and its consequences by making sure the vulnerable population have access to care. According to Rhee, et al., compared to non white women, African American women are more likely to be physically inactive and have a higher body mass index (2015). The study found that with a healthier diet in all ethnic and racial groups, the risk of T2D reduced. A healthy rich diet containing plenty of fruits and vegetables, weight control, exercise, and behavior modification can greatly prevent and reduce complications of T2D. The need for education and on-going support for patients with type 2 diabetes requires taking control of diabetes to improve the quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to determine the

In the article “Translating What Works: A New Approach to Improve Diabetes Management,” it is suggested that the most effective strategies to increase diabetes control include individual case management, health care teams, patient education and the reporting important medical information to the patients primary care physician(Phillips). An intervention aimed at being patient centered to increase the quality of care for diabetics, was implemented in Miami, where seven health care centers participated. They had a care management team that made pre-visit phone calls to diabetic patients who had an upcoming appointment. The purpose and goal of these phone calls was to increase patient knowledge and self-management goals. They also recorded important

The purpose of this study was to analyze physicians and patients with type 2 diabetes perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in type 2 diabetes treatment. This article targeted on patients’ struggles to achieve treatment goals and how physicians’ responded to patients who are not achieving goals. For data collection, a research team conducted a face to face semi-structured interview with the nineteen physicians and thirty four patients. This study found that both physicians and patients accepted responsibility for poor outcomes. Patients described feeling defeated and depressed in response to treatment goals that were unmet. Some limitations include a relatively homogenous sample because the data was only collected around the Boston area and

Ultimately, Type 2 Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States. Luke and Brittanys reason for this experiment is because women who are post menopause are at higher risk of obtaining Type 2 Diabetes than pre menopause. According to studies, it is proposed that estradiol and other estrogens decrease the risk of Type 2 Diabetes. In this case, these students examined if estradiol can prevent Type 2 Diabetes alone.

The current epidemic of obesity is a legitimate cause for concern. It is estimated that worldwide there are 1.7 billion individuals who are overweight and that the United States has the highest percentage of overweight adults (Buchwald et al., 2004). This condition still exists despite the availability of interventions based on diet, exercise, and drug therapy. The rise in obesity has led to an increase in the prevalence of obesity-related illnesses such as Type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea (Buchwald et al., 2004) which have been associated with a decrease in overall life expectancy. The conventional therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is weight loss (Ikramuddin et al., 2013), however, the Look AHEAD

Mellitus is a metabolic disorder Diabetes resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. The most common is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). It’s characterized by decrease production of insulin, and insulin resistance; these is related to genetic-environmental interaction (Huether & McCance, 2017, p.474). The major contributor factor to insulin resistance is obesity. Treating the obesity can prevent and decrease the incidence of Type 2 (DM). Decreasing the cases of Type 2 DM means helping a great number of people to have a better life, less disabled citizens in the country, and less medical expenses. Weight loss can also prevent many other cardiovascular disorders Look AHEAD Research Group. (2011, July 01).

In this article, authors completed a literature review to address how culturally tailored education can improve self-care in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. The authors reviewed ten research articles that focused on effective communication for promoting healthy lifestyle changes and improved self-care. Combined the articles addressed cultural issues surrounding diet, education, disease management, life stressors, goal setting, and problem setting in the African American community. In each study the targeted population was found to have desired outcome when the education provided was culturally sensitive. In addition to culturally sensitive education, the authors also noted that willingness to change and self-motivation are also necessary

The epidemiology triangle recognizes three main factors: the agent, environment, and the host. It provides one of the fundamental conceptions of disease causality, and explanation of the etiology of disease processes. In relation to the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus in African American adults, the agent in this situation is the risk factors for diabetes mellitus such as obesity, age, diets, familial tendency, impaired glucose metabolism, and physical inactivity (Murad, Abdulmageed, Ifikhar, & Sagga, 2014). The host is the African American adults (20 years and above) are at risk for Type-2 diabetes mellitus than the white ethnic group. The unhealthy habits by the host such as, poor dieting and inactivity that is enhanced by the lack of knowledge of diabetes to some of the contributory factors development of T2DM. To this effect, eliminating these ill habits is imperative to the prevention of diabetes, and avoiding the consequences that will arise if T2DM in not controlled to this high-risk population (African American adults) (Okosun & Lyn, 2015). The environment is the domain in which the disease-causing agent may originate which could be external to the host. The external environment is the outside influences that are not part of the host. In African American adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus, the external environment comprises of the