Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2dm )

Bckground While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), obesity related diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia.

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Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. She is on glipizide 5 mg po daily to treat her type 2 diabetes. Cynthia revisited the clinic soon after the initiation of the treatment with symptoms of shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess, lightheadedness and moderately severe headache. In this case study, Cynthia is exhibiting the symptoms of hypoglycemia as she is on sulfonylurea therapy. Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide commonly used as a second-line of therapy in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result,

Diabetes Mellitus is the metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of blood glucose that is caused by deficiency of production of insulin, action of insulin, or may be both of them. The uncontrollable output of hepatic glucose and reduced uptake of glucose by the skeletal muscle with reduced synthesis of glycogen lead to hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is a complicated disease; it can affect mostly every organ of our body and causes devastating consequences.

When you think of diseases, you think of tragic illnesses you can not help. Type 2 diabetes, however, has different circumstances; you inflict this disease upon yourself through lack of proper diet and the results are shocking. You might want to think twice about the health effects that pack of doughnuts has to offer than just all the calories. The effects of being unhealthy go deeper down than just how you look.

During the last four weeks we have covered many topics on chronic illnesses and I chose to research Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. In the first week, I learned more about the different types of Diabetes Mellitus, such as Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes; morbidity and co-morbidities of diabetes, and the cost to people that suffer from Diabetes. I also developed a questionnaire to administer to a person with Diabetes Mellitus. In the second week,

Type 2 diabetes has become an epidemic in the United States. Diabetes affects 25.8 mil-lion people of all ages, which is 8.3% of the total population in the United States (NDIC, 2011). Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases and is strongly associated with obesity, age, and physical inactivity (NDIC, 2011). Apart from its prevalence, diabetes involves direct medical costs of $116 billion, and medical expenditures for those with the diagnosis are 2.3 times higher than expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes (NDIC, 2011). Practitioners need to focus on finding the perfect treatment regimen, which may include physical activity along with diet modifications and pharmacologic interventions, in an effort to decrease the financial burden, control blood glucose levels, and improve the overall health of this population. The com-plications of untreated type 2 diabetes can be fatal, with heart disease, stroke, hypertension, blindness, kidney disease, and amputation among the more serious problems (NDIC, 2011). As a future family nurse practitioner, I will treat hundreds of adults and even children with type 2 di-abetes or at risk for it, and knowing the most successful interventions is foundational to being able to provide the best care to this patient population.

The purpose of the paper was looking at the quality of life of diabetic patients. Type two diabetics that have a support system compared to those that don’t have a support system have an improved quality of life after being diagnosed. The level of evidence of this study was a cross sectional study. Researching the article was done by going to the Clarkson College website, then going to the student life tab and choosing library. Clicking on the “C” on the article database and clicking on the CINAHL Complete link. Typed in diabetes mellitus in the first box, then where it has the first and changed selection to not, then in the second box typed out systematic review. Then scrolled down to where

A minority ethnic background with a high prevalence of diabetes (e.g. South or East Asian, Middle Eastern, Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic)

Diabetes is associated with wide range of complications such as chronic renal failure, blindness, amputations, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and neuropathy (Alotabi, A., et al., 2016). There is no known cure for diabetes, but the disease can be controlled through health management that includes multiple perspectives of care such as medications, blood glucose monitoring, diet, nutrition, screening for long-term complications and regular physical activity (Alotabi, A., et al., 2016). Managing diabetes may be complicated and requires the knowledge and skills of both healthcare providers and the clients. Studies have shown that to prevent or delay diabetic complications due to diabetes, counseling and other lifestyle interventions are the effective therapy. Even with many policies set up for diabetes, 8.1 million Americans are undiagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and approximately 86 million Americans ages 20 and older have blood glucose levels that considerably increase their risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus in the next several years (CDC, 2015). For diabetes care to be successful there needs to be a good understanding of the disease and management by both patients and healthcare providers,

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of chronic diseases that “share the same phenotype of hyperglycemia” (Kalra & Gupta, 2015, p. 1). In simpler terms, diabetes is made up of a group of disorders where there is too much glucose in the blood. Whether it is type 1, type 2, or gestational, all can lead to severe health complications. Looking at the disease in a holistic way, it’s easy to see that it impacts more than just blood sugar; it affects the skin, eyes, nerves, feet, heart, blood vessels, family dynamics, mental health, and more. It’s imperative to point out that healthcare now places a lot of stress on prevention. This project will concentrate on diabetes type 2 because of prevention through lifestyle choices.

“A major concern at this time is the rapid climb in incidence of Type 2 diabetes, with prevalence now estimated at about 9% (18 million) of the population greater than 20 years of age.” Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are commonly associated (Gould & Dyer, 2011). In addition to the two types of diabetes, there are signs and symptoms that are easily detected and some that develop after diagnosis.

A study detailing the occurrences of T2DM(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), and correlating them with the epigenetic modifications, the possible heritable effects on body metabolism, and the potential processes underwent by exercise and diet choices which affect the epigenome across generations has been conducted.While research on the epigenetic signatures causing insulin resistance, influenced by exercise and physical activity, and attempts to identify therapeutic solutions to avoid obesity and boost insulin sensitivity has been undertaken, it is the lifestyle choices and other individual environmental factors which form the key causes of the epigenetic modifications influencing T2DM and obesity across generations. Recent cases have been

It was estimated that in 2010, there were 221 million people worldwide with Diabetes. Type II Diabetes is commonly diagnosed as a myriad of chronic diseases associated with elevated blood glucose levels (Hyperglycemia) and accounts for roughly 90-95% of all cases related to Diabetes. This is a result of the being resistance to insulin produced by the pancreas, or the inability to produce adequate levels of insulin. Studies have shown that there are many risk factors that can and cannot be modified. There are physical, financial and emotional costs to the individual affected by Type II Diabetes. Treatments for diabetic conditions are usually aimed at relieving symptoms or reducing further damage to improve the patient’s quality of life. (Hill, 2009). Middle aged individuals with Type II Diabetes need to educate themselves about their disease and significantly change their lifestyles to better their chances of living a long life and reduce out of pocket expenses for treatment.