Diabetes effects approximately 30.3 million people in the United States and of that percentage about 7.2 million went undiagnosed in the year 2015 (5). Every year around 1.5 million individuals are diagnosed with have diabetes. So, what is this disease that impacts so much of the population?
What is Diabetes:
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when an individual’s blood sugar or glucose is too high for their body to accommodate (5). Blood sugar is responsible for energy production within the body and is produced from the food that a person consumes every day. There is a hormone, called Insulin, that helps aid the body in breaking down glucose in order to make energy. However, sometimes, the pancreas (where Insulin is made) cannot produce enough,
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The change in blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis is usually used in discussion about cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, stroke, etc.), though atherosclerosis can also effect cerebral blood vessels leading to the development of Alzheimer’s (7).
Type III Diabetes:
Lately, Alzheimer’s has been labeled as type III diabetes. Why? Studies have shown that a lack of insulin or insulin resistance can impair cognition but also be responsible for the formation of amyloid plaques which contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (1). Due to the latter research, scientists have begun calling it Type III diabetes or diabetes of the brain. Approximately 70% of people with Type II diabetes go on to develop Alzheimer’s
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Bittman, Mark. “Is Alzheimer's Type 3 Diabetes?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Sept. 2012, opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/25/bittman-is-alzheimers-type-3-diabetes/.
2. “Complications.” American Diabetes Association, www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/.
3. “How Alzheimer's Could Be Type 2 Diabetes.” Alzheimers.net, 7 June 2016, www.alzheimers.net/2015-10-14/how-alzheimers-could-be-type-2-diabetes/.
4. “How Can Diabetes Cause Atherosclerosis?” LIVESTRONG.COM, Leaf Group, 14 Aug. 2017, www.livestrong.com/article/40983-can-diabetes-cause-atherosclerosis/.
5. “Statistics About Diabetes.” American Diabetes Association, www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/.
6. “What Is Diabetes?” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 Nov. 2016, www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes.
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But that brings us to what might come in the future. According to Professors Lin Li of Shanxi Medical University and Christian Hölscher of Lancaster University in their report published on January 1, 2018 that I’ll call Neuroprotective effects for short, link diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease by stating that “the underlying mechanism is most likely that insulin signaling is impaired in the brains of AD patients.” This led to studying the effects of a drug that’s meant to stimulate diabetes-combating hormones in the brain.
Vascular Dementia can occur after a person has a stroke due to major blood vessels being blocked.
“I want to tell you how much I miss my mother. Bits of her are still there. I miss her most when I’m sitting across from her,” (Crowley, Candy. October 21st, 2014). This quote refers specifically to Alzheimer’s, which is defined as progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility. However, Alzheimer’s is merely only a form of many debilitating diseases under the umbrella of Dementia, defined as a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Some Examples of these disorders include: Vascular dementia, Frontotemporal dementia (Pick 's disease), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and of course as was previously for mentioned, Alzheimer 's disease. Each form of dementia will be discussed in depth including their symptoms, treatments, and their histories.
Dementia is a syndrome which is progressive in nature, characterized by impairment of memory and loss of intellectual ability.1 Decreased level of Acetylcholine in the brain, neuro-inflammatory reaction, rise in the oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia have been reported to play an important etiological role in the memory decline.2 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia which is a progressive and a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of senile plaques rich in insoluble aggregates of β amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. AD has been estimated to account for 50–60% of dementia cases in persons over 65 years of age worldwide.3 Alzheimer’s Disease International
The effects of diabetes are nothing less than devastating. It is a disease that is affected by interdependent genetic, social, economic, cultural, and historic factors (CDC, 2011a). In the United States, nearly 26 million Americans are living with diabetes, and another 79 million Americans have prediabetes (CDC, 2011a). Diabetes has been associated with reducing the quality of life of people with the disease, and it also has a tremendous economic burden on our health care system. In 2007, diabetes and its complication accounted for $218 billion in direct and indirect costs in 2007 alone (Dall, et al., 2010).
More than five million are living with Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and the number is set to almost triple by the year 2050. It is common in the elderly and generally occurs in persons over 65 years of age, but early onset of Alzheimer’s has also been documented (“Alzheimer’s disease facts,” 2016, para. 1). It starts in the medial temporal area of the brain, usually in the hippocampus, and then spreads to other areas of the brain. Blows (2011) explains, “Alois Alzheimer was a German psychiatrist who in 1906 described a dementia with two specific changes found in the brain after death... these changes were the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and these became the hallmarks of this disease” (p. 286). Loss of neurons takes place and amyloid plaques form. This is due to build-up of non-functioning proteins and can be observed by imaging techniques (Radin, 2003, p. 41). There are many risk factors that increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The greatest risk factor is family history, but other risk factors include diabetes, hypertension obesity, hyperlipidemia, smoking, depression, physical inactivity, low estrogen levels, and head trauma (Huether & McCance, 2014, p. 546). The actual cause of Alzheimer’s is unknown, but there are genes associated with it that make the disease heritable. What is clear is that
Type 2 diabetes is associated with poor sensitivity to insulin. This had led some some researchers to suggest that Alzheimer’s disease may in fact be another type of diabetes (Trivedi, Bijal, 2012).
Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar)1 . In 2011 The American Diabetes Association repoted a 25.8 million people in America living with diabetes 2. Diabetes is a illness that can be caused by the body not being able to produce enough insulin and or cells in the body not responding adequately to the insulin provided. Insulin which is produced by the pancrease, regulates the amount of glucose (which provieds energy to all cells) in the blood.
Diabetes is a disease that causes an abnormally high level of sugar, or glucose, to build up in the blood. Glucose comes from food we consume and also from our liver and muscles. Blood delivers glucose to all the
Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, is a chronic illness this means that it has no cure and the symptoms persist over a long period of time. This illness is a result of an imbalance of hormones, insulin, produced in the pancreas. Insulin plays an important role in how the body uses food. Insulin enables the cells in the bloodstream to absorb and use glucose for fuel. If the pancreas produces too little or no insulin or if the insulin doesn’t work properly the person may become diabetic. Therefore, diabetics are not able to properly convert food into fuels needed by the body to function, which can seriously lead to physical consequences.
As your brain produces insulin diabetes speeds up plaque production in the brain, causing a disruption in the signaling of insulin production, which causes the memory loss. Because insulin helps the memory, those with diabetes have a sixty-five higher probability of getting dementia. Fructose-rich diets cause insulin production to skyrocket; consequently constant high levels of insulin cause the brain to block the signals (Mercola).
Diabetes is a disease associated with the inability to store and metabolise glucose effectively. In the UK alone there are just under 3 million people diagnosed with diabetes and approximately 850,000 who are not aware that they have it. (Nhs.uk, 2014)
Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body produces too little insulin (Type One Diabetes) or can’t use available insulin efficiently ( Type Two Diabetes). Insulin is a hormone vital to helping the body use digested food for growth and energy.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 5.1 Americans, and has become one of the most common chronic diseases in developed countries. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the etiology of the disease and possible treatment for AD has become a public health concern. An increasing body of evidence supports a strong and causal association between cardiovascular disease (CVD), its risk factors, and AD, along with its precursor, cognitive decline. Individuals with CVD are at a significantly higher risk of developing dementia and AD. A growing number of studies suggest that cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the early onset of Alzheimer’s and its symptoms. It is possible that lifestyle adjustments or pharmacological interventions which decrease vascular disease may also hold promise for decreasing the affliction of AD and cognitive decline. This review discusses the accumulating body of evidence relating CVD, CVD risk factors, and Type 2 Diabetes to AD, along with possible mechanisms describing such associations.
Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas