Types And Types Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

By 2020 estimates show that approximately 250 million people worldwide will be affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (Shulman, 2000). Type 2 diabetes also known as adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Type-2 diabetes is a major, non-communicable disease with increasing numbers around the world. Type-2 diabetes occurs when the body cannot make enough insulin or the body is unable to consume the insulin that is produced. When type 2 diabetes is not properly managed, it can cause numerous health issues, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage, leg and foot amputations, and sometimes death. Minor changes in a person’s lifestyle can reduce the risk of the onset of type-2 diabetes or can decrease the risk of co-morbidities that accompany this disease (Asif, 2014).

Did you know diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States? (Fukunaga, 2011). Many are unaware approximately 25.8 million American’s, 8.3% of the population suffer from diabetes. Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM II) is by far the most prevalent and accounts for 90-95 percent of the 25.8 million diabetic patients. The long term complications of DM II make it a devastating disease. It is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage kidney disease, and non-traumatic lower limb amputation (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, & Bucher 2014, p. 1154). Not only is diabetes debilitating to patients but also the health and employment costs are substantial. According to Fukunaga (2011), “The estimated national cost of diabetes exceeds

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

“If someone has Type 2 Diabetes their pancreas may not produce enough insulin or their cells resist the effects of insulin, and in extreme cases it may be a combination of both”. (AuthorSTREAM) Currently there are about 29.1 million people in the United States that have diabetes; 8.1 million of whom may be undiagnosed and/or unaware of their condition. For adults twenty years old or older, statistics say one in every ten people suffers from diabetes; in age sixty-five and older, statistics say that figure rises to more than one in four.

Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in adults. It accounts for approximately 90%-95% of diagnosed diabetes in adults in the United States (cdc.gov, n.d.). Newly diagnose cases of diabetes tripled from 1980-2011 in the United States. It is a costly and deadly disease. Because there are many comorbidities and complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes, it is essential to treat diabetes effectively. Clinicians deal with this ongoing problem on a daily basis. Therefore, new treatment options are needed. Diabetes can be treated and managed by regular physical activity, healthy eating, and by decreasing cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high lipid levels, high to decrease blood glucose levels are important aspects of disease management. At this time, there are 14 classes of medications currently available to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, however, only 36 % of the patients achieve glycemic control on their present medications. Also, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to increase which escalates the medical cost to treat the disease. In 2012, the estimates cost of type 2 diabetes was $176 billion. The cost to treat this disease is going to continue to rise. Even though there are drugs available to treat type 2 diabetes, new treatment options with different mechanisms of action are needed to improve patient outcome through better glycemic control (Miller, Nguyen, Jia-Haur, Chihyi, & Nguyen, 2014).

Diabetes type 2 is a well-known disorder in America. It’s becoming one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and death worldwide. At Florida Hospital Diabetes and Translational Research Institute, Pratley (2013) stated that the prevalence of diabetes will continue to grow. It’s been estimated that by 2030 approximately 552 million adults will be affected mostly due to the growing of diabetes in developing countries. In the US alone, the number of people suffering from diabetes has drastically increased in the last 20 years because of the population being overweight or obese (Pratley, 2013). Those who are older in age, obese, have a family history of diabetes and lack of exercise have a higher chance of having it. The sooner people find

“In 2010, an estimated 25.8 million people in the United States had diabetes mellitus, of which approximately 1 million have type 1 diabetes and most of the rest have type 2 diabetes ” (Papadakis et al., 2014) That means that in 2010 about 24.8 million people suffered from type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees or peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia (Porter, Kaplan, 2011). Type II diabetes has become more prevalent in the United States due to the decrease in physical activity, the increase in obesity rates, and also the predisposition of genetic factors. In this paper I am going to cover description of history and the disease, etiology, signs and

Diabetes is an insidious as well as a debilitating metabolic disease with variety of causes. (Bolajoko Idiat Ogunyinka ) Diabetes comes in two forms, type one and type two. Both types are manageable with different types of treatments and lifestyle changes. Many people live for years undiagnosed. “Diabetes remains the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2010.” (National Diabetes Statistics) Unfortunately, a cure for diabetes remains undiscovered.

Type 2 Diabetes is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance, which prevent insulin from working effectively. Common complications include cardiovascular disease, vision damage, and kidney disease (“Type 2 diabetes”, 2017). This form of diabetes is a significant public health problem, moreover, it is estimated to affect 285 million adults worldwide. Although there are recommended guidelines to manage and prevent the complication of the disease

Diabetes type two is one of the fastest growing public health problems in the world. It is difficult to treat and expensive to manage. It has been estimated that the number of people with diabetes in the world will double from the current value of about 190 million to 325 million during the next 25 years (WHO, 2016). Individuals with type-2 diabetes are at a high risk of developing a wide range of complications such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, changes to the retina and blindness that can lead to disability and premature death (CDC, 2014). There is a genetic susceptibility and environmental influences for development of diabetes mellitus type 2, however, there is an increase of physical inactivity, obesity, and type-2 diabetes has been observed in the Western world. One of the major risk factors is obesity and physical inactivity may constitute the main reasons for the increasing burden of diabetes in the developed world (CDC, 2014). Type 2 diabetes mellitus most commonly occurs in adults age 40 years or older, and the prevalence of the disease increases with advancing age. The aging of the population is one reason that type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming increasingly common. (CDC, 2012).

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a state of relative insulin deficiency with underlying insulin resistance, accounts for majority of the cases of hyperglycemia worldwide. An estimated 422 million people worldwide have diabetes [1], and this number is expected to reach 592 million by the year 2035 [2]. Almost 30 million Americans (9% of the population) have diabetes, with estimated total health care costs of $245 billion due to extensive complications, primarily micro- and macrovascular pathology.

Diabetes, often referred to as diabetes mellitus, is one of the leading chronic diseases. Diabetes is a group of diseases marked by high levels of blood glucose, also known as hyperglycemia, resulting from problems in the body’s ability to produce insulin, the body’s effective use of insulin, or both (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The food we eat on a daily basis is broken down into glucose and enters the bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, is then used to transform glucose into energy by letting them into the cells (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Therefore, insulin is very important because it regulates the blood sugar in our body. High levels of blood glucose increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney disease, and limb amputation (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). According to International Diabetes Federation, over 387 million people have diabetes worldwide. It is projected that by 2035, this number will rise to 592 million (Atlas, 2013). In 2012, a total of 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the United States population have diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). That’s about 1 out of every 11 people. According to 2010 statistics, diabetes is the seventh leading causes of death in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The estimated diabetes costs in the United States for 2012 was $245 billion, which

Each year, at least 1 million people in the United States are diagnosed with diabetes, which makes this disease one of the nation's most serious health concerns that, if left unchecked, could reach epidemic proportions. And it doesn't stop there. Often, people who suffer from diabetes also have to contend with other complications, which not only increase the risk to the patient's health but also add to the rising cost of health care. This makes it necessary for an effective disease management program for diabetes to be in place.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.