Types Of Market Efficiency And Strong Form Efficiency Essay

Firstly, the weak form efficient market exists if current share prices reflect all historical information of prices only. This means that it is not possible to make abnormal returns as nobody can detect mispriced securities by just using charts and data

It is believed that Efficient Market Theory is based upon some fallacies and it does not provide strong grounds of whatever that it proposes. More importantly the Efficient Market theory is perceived to be too subjective in its definition and details and because of this it is close to impossible to accommodate this theory into a meaningful and explicit financial model that can actually assist investors in making the investment decisions (Andresso-O’Callaghan, B., 2007).

As Chapter 10 questions, if further evidence continues to surface that capital markets do not always behave in accordance with the efficient market hypothesis, then should we reject the research that has embraced the EMH as a fundamental assumption? In this regard we can return to earlier chapters of this book in which we emphasised that theories are abstractions of reality. Capital markets are made of individuals and as such it would not (or perhaps, should not) be surprising to find that the

The Efficient-Market Hypothesis (EMH) states that it is impossible to beat the market because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information.

Semi-strong form efficiency states that security prices adjust rapidly to the release of all public information; that is, current security prices fully reflect all public information (Reilly & Brown, 2009, p. 153). According to BH Inc., (2009), BH’s has compounded annual gain of 20.3% while S&P has 9.3%

Another concern relates of insider trading of market efficiency of stock market. In his classical study Fama (1970) proposes efficient market Hypothesis, which suggests that stock price reflects all available information (historical price, public and private) in

Efficient Market Hypothesis has been controversial issues among researcher for decades. Until now, there is no united conclusion whether capital markets are efficiency or not. In 1960s, Fama (1970) believed that market is very efficient despite there are some trivial contradicted tests. Until recently, both empirical and theatrical efficient market hypothesis was being disputed by behavior finance economist. They have found that investor have psychological biases and found evidences that some stocks outperform other stocks. Moreover, there are evidences prove that market are not efficient for instance financial crisis, stock market bubble, and some investor can earn abnormal return which happening regularly in stock markets all over the world. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that Efficient Market Hypothesis in stock (capital) markets does not exist in the real world by proofing four outstanding unrealistic conditions that make market efficient: information is widely available and cost-free, investor are rational, independent and unbiased, There is no liquidity problem in stock market, and finally stock prices has no pattern.

The weak-form efficiency cannot explain January effect. In semi-strong-form efficient market, to test this hypothesis, researchers look at the adjustment of share prices to public announcements such as earnings and dividend announcements, splits, takeovers and repurchases. As time goes, later tests tend to be not supportive to EMH. For instance, semi-strong-form efficiency cannot explain the pricing/earning effect. In strong-form efficiency, the highest level of market efficiency, Fama (1991) pointed out the immeasurability of market efficiency and suggested that it must be tested jointly with an equilibrium model of expected. However, perfect efficiency is an unrealistic benchmark that is unlikely to hold in practice.

“An 'efficient' market is defined as a market where there are large numbers of rational, profit-maximizers actively competing, with each trying to predict future market values of individual securities, and where important current information is almost freely available to all participants. In an efficient market, competition among the many intelligent participants leads to a situation where, at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to

Although the notion of market efficiency has- albeit rudimentarily- been dealt with since the 16th century , it was only when Eugene Fama published his PhD and his subsequent article Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work in 1970 that the Efficient Market Hypothesis (hereafter EMH) was established. The fundamental argument offered by EMH proposes that the multiplicity and interaction of fully rational economic actors within a market will lead to the elimination of disparities between market prices and actual values and allow the former to randomly fluctuate around the

Efficient market is one in which stock prices fully reflect the information of a company, either positive or negative. If the information from a company is positive, investor will give a good response and the price of shares of this company will increase. Since the information is reflected in price at once, normal rate of return should only be obtained. Also the price that the firm received from issuing securities is the present value, and valuable financing opportunities are unavailable. There are three conditions that will cause market efficiency, which are the rationality of investors, dependent deviations from rationality and

The popularly accepted theory of how the stock market works is the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) which says that share prices always reflect the available information about the market and the companies in question (Shleifer 2000). The theory tests three assumptions:

21. If the stock market is efficient, then investors do not need to read the Wall Street Journal or research companies before they select which stocks to buy because market prices already reflect all publicly available information.

Efficiency is the ability of an entity to use alternative methods of production to get better outcomes. It is applied in production where equal input which relates to cost is lower compared to output in an organization. Allocative efficiency ensures that the correct mixture of input to get maximum output (Palmer & Torgerson, 1999). The study of economics means that there are limited resources to produce for the public and meet the needs of the consumers. Efficiency is intended to minimize the cost of production which trickles down to lower prices and higher demand.

If a capital market fully and accurately reflects all relevant information when determining the price of the securities, the market is effective and the three characteristics of the effective capital market are efficient operation, efficient price, and efficient distribution(Sascha Kurth,2013). There are three forms of efficiency market, this article will analyze the characteristics of semi-strong effective market and the impact of the abnormal Book-Market-value effect on the effective market hypothesis so that investors should be dialectical view of the market hypothesis and the emergence of abnormal to make the stable investment activities.