Types Of Protein That Play Immune System By Its Multifunctional Acts Of Pro Inflammatory And Anti Inflammatory Response

Frequent, recurring diarrhea Bleeding in rectal lowest portion of the large intestine that connects to the anus Unexplained weight loss Fever Abdominal pain A group of low-molecular-weight peptides that are active at low concentrations better known as Cytokines, bind to certain receptors and produce autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Chemokines peptides attract inflammatory cells. Therefore, Cytokine and chemokine produce and attract T-cell infiltration. TH-1 cells in Crohn's disease patients increase the inflammatory response (Lashner,2013). Prognosis of Crohn's varies among patients. Patients may have long periods of remission and possibly become free of symptoms for years. Although, there are treatments for Crohn's disease it is not possible to know if treatment has helped or when symptoms will return. Regardless of Crohn's disease reoccurring various times through one's lifetime, patients are able to hold jobs, raise families and function in society the same way a healthy individual would (Prognosis of Crohn's

This prevents the release of the inflammatory factors which cause Crohn’s disease; however it also prevents the intended effects of the cell, such as inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting viral replication. Due to these side effects, anti-TNF-α treatment can result in an increased risk of cancer, infection and fungal infections. Furthermore, although effective in most patients, 30% of people who receive this treatment do not respond and continue to show symptoms from Crohn’s [6]. This suggests that TNF-α is not the only cause of the disease, adding to the complexity of the

Introduction to Crohn’s disease and patients diagnosis: The patient was presented to me with diagnosed crohn’s disease, in remission stage. Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. Primarily, it causes ulcerations in the small and large intestines but has been seen to affect the digestive system anywhere from the oral cavity to the anus. The disease has no known cure but once the disease begins it proceeds to vary between periods of inactivity (remission) and activity (relapse). The cause of crohn’s disease is unknown but from research it is suspected that infections by certain bacterium could contribute to the disease. The activation of the immune system in the intestines is seen to be of importance to patients with crohn’s. The immune system causes inflammation within the tissues where it occurs. In normal cases the activation occurs when the body is exposed to harmful invaders. With patients with crohn’s disease the immune system is abnormally activated in the absence of any invader, thus resulting in chronic inflammation and ulceration as seen in the figure below. The disease causes abscesses and a cobble stone appearance to the infected area in the body, this infection causes the immune system to activate in an inflammatory response.

Inflamed tissues from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patients show increased oxidative and nitrosative damage, leading to accumulation of mutations and dysplastic progression27,28. Infiltrating leukocytes from these patients have increased ROS production in basal conditions and in response to different ligands29. Since TLR4 mediates ROS production in leukocytes22, it is easy to speculate that immune cells drive pro-tumorigenic effects of TLR4. However, bone marrow-transfer experiments in our lab demonstrate that non-immune TLR4 participates in development of neoplasia8. Furthermore, we have shown that epithelial TLR4 activation predisposes to colitis and CAC6. To understand the role of epithelial TLR4 in neoplasia, our research has focused on the

Response Paper Introduction Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental condition that has unclear etiology. Current research indicates that the condition is caused by numerous causes, including genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Genetics is indicated as the etiology for many individuals who develop the condition. However more research is indicated in order to understand how environmental factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Specifically, how factors such as infection influence the developing brain and whether or not an individual’s immune response adversely affects neurodevelopment.

6. When injury or infection occurs inflammation ensues. Inflammation is a defense response of the body that signals for the immune system to manage/fight off infection. White blood cells and macrophages are key components of this process. On a cellular level, immunity is created by exposure to foreign antigens. When the body encounters the foreign antigens it produces antibodies to destroy the antigens. B cells, a type of white blood cell, produce these antibodies. The antigen is then stored in the memory of the B cells so that when the same antigen is encountered in the future, our body can fight off the pathogen

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method Monoclonal mouse anti-human CD68 labels human monocytes and macrophages. CD68 molecule was present on patient intrafollicular tonsil macrophages, distinguished by the brown colour.

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory condition that is immunologically mediated. Even though the etiology of the disease is not yet determined, results from different researches such as human genetics, clinical tests and basic science have given significant insights in the inflammatory disease pathogenesis. In addition, the studies reports that Crohn’s

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease which is characterised by transmural inflammation of any region of the gastrointestinal gut. It is a life-long disease which cycles through episodes of active disease and periods of remission (Sandhu et al., 2010). The diagnosis of CD is confirmed by clinical evaluation and biochemical, endoscopic, radiological and histological tests and clinical symptoms include persistent or recurrent of abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding (Levine et al., 2013).

TNF alpha is a17-kDa protein that contains 157 amino acids, which is homotrimer in solution. The genes in the body are mapped to a chromosome that encodes a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine

IL-1β induces other cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8 and leukaemia inducing factor (LIF), causing a catabolic event by stimulating either an additive or synergistic effects (11, 24). IL-1β also cause nociceptive sensitisation through activation of intracellular kinase or the production of kinins and prostanoids (25). Hyperalgesia and hypersensitivity in joints is also associated with IL-6; primary afferent neurons responds to IL-6 and plays a role in pain transmission (1, 24). Similarly, TNF-α activates sensory neurons causing neuropathic pain via the receptors TNFR1 and TFNR2, which initiates a cascade of inflammatory responses through the production of IL cytokines (9,

For instance, Crohn’s disease(CD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs), which affect the various areas of GI tract (from mouse to anus) and lead to abdominal cramps, weight loss, diarrhea, fever and the other symptom. According to the survey, Crohn’s disease was found to be more common in developed industrialized countries than less developed tropical countries because people who lived in developed areas have less chance of exposure to helminthes. Therefore, although the cause of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood, but it is consider to be related to environmental, genetic factor and autoimmune reaction. Medically speaking, Crohn’s disease is classified as an autoimmune disorder. Usually, there are many harmless and

Immunology basically involves understanding the immune system and how it responds to various disease conditions. the immune system consists of a number of components. Traditionally, it is divided into humoral and cellular immune responses. It can also be distinguished into innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity can discriminate between normal tissues , self and newly encountered non-self-proteins while the adaptive immunity is the more complex system aimed at the eradication of intracellular pathogens. To do this, antigen derived from such pathogens that are often new to the host organism, need to be recognised by receptor-bearing specialised immune cells which respond to a complex system of stimulatory and costimulatory signals. Better understanding of the human immune system has led to the identification of a number of tumor-associated antigens in the 1980s and the development of various immunotherapeutic approaches. In recent years, identification of the specific antigenic MHC class I epitopes, advancements in genetic engineering, gene delivery, and cell-based therapeutic approaches allowed development of the novel immunotherapeutics.

Abstract: Selectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that play a vital role in inflammatory responses. These proteins are involved in the homing of leukocytes and have been implicated in numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis as well as various form of cancer. In addressing the role of selectins in autoimmune diseases, it has been found that they involved in the trafficking of immune cells to secondary lymphoid organs under normal conditions as well as to peripheral tissues during inflammation. Precise selectin–ligand interactions facilitate the recruitment of distinct immune cell subpopulations in specific target organs during autoimmune diseases. Additionally, selectins (and their ligands) are also vital for homeostasis and immune cell activation. Tissue-specific, selectin antagonists are fairly promising new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, however, a more precise mechanism for selectin leukocyte targeting must be uncovered first. Selectins also have been found to translate their roles in cellular adhesion to metastatic progression when the correct ligand is present. Though selectins have been identified as potential facilitators of metastasis, they have not been studied as drug targets for treating cancer progression and metastasis. However, targeting selectins as a cancer metastasis treatment could prove very successful as seen from initial positive clinical findings regarding heparin

Immunoglobulin (Ig) or Antibody (AB) is a protein that is in the shape of a Y that is produced by plasma cells and use by the immune system. These proteins are then utilized to identify and attack bacteria and viruses. Immunoglobulin is clearly a very important protein in our human