Types Of Protein That Play Immune System By Its Multifunctional Acts Of Pro Inflammatory And Anti Inflammatory Response

A group of low-molecular-weight peptides that are active at low concentrations better known as Cytokines, bind to certain receptors and produce autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Chemokines peptides attract inflammatory cells. Therefore, Cytokine and chemokine produce and attract T-cell infiltration. TH-1 cells in Crohn's disease patients increase the inflammatory response (Lashner,2013). Prognosis of Crohn's varies among patients. Patients may have long periods of remission and possibly become free of symptoms for years. Although, there are treatments for Crohn's disease it is not possible to know if treatment has helped or when symptoms will return. Regardless of Crohn's disease reoccurring various times through one's lifetime, patients are able to hold jobs, raise families and function in society the same way a healthy individual would (Prognosis of Crohn's

This prevents the release of the inflammatory factors which cause Crohn’s disease; however it also prevents the intended effects of the cell, such as inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting viral replication. Due to these side effects, anti-TNF-α treatment can result in an increased risk of cancer, infection and fungal infections. Furthermore, although effective in most patients, 30% of people who receive this treatment do not respond and continue to show symptoms from Crohn’s [6]. This suggests that TNF-α is not the only cause of the disease, adding to the complexity of the

The patient was presented to me with diagnosed crohn’s disease, in remission stage. Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. Primarily, it causes ulcerations in the small and large intestines but has been seen to affect the digestive system anywhere from the oral cavity to the anus. The disease has no known cure but once the disease begins it proceeds to vary between periods of inactivity (remission) and activity (relapse). The cause of crohn’s disease is unknown but from research it is suspected that infections by certain bacterium could contribute to the disease. The activation of the immune system in the intestines is seen to be of importance to patients with crohn’s. The immune system causes inflammation within the tissues where it occurs. In normal cases the activation occurs when the body is exposed to harmful invaders. With patients with crohn’s disease the immune system is abnormally activated in the absence of any invader, thus resulting in chronic inflammation and ulceration as seen in the figure below. The disease causes abscesses and a cobble stone appearance to the infected area in the body, this infection causes the immune system to activate in an inflammatory response.

Inflamed tissues from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patients show increased oxidative and nitrosative damage, leading to accumulation of mutations and dysplastic progression27,28. Infiltrating leukocytes from these patients have increased ROS production in basal conditions and in response to different ligands29. Since TLR4 mediates ROS production in leukocytes22, it is easy to speculate that immune cells drive pro-tumorigenic effects of TLR4. However, bone marrow-transfer experiments in our lab demonstrate that non-immune TLR4 participates in development of neoplasia8. Furthermore, we have shown that epithelial TLR4 activation predisposes to colitis and CAC6. To understand the role of epithelial TLR4 in neoplasia, our research has focused on the

Monoclonal mouse anti-human CD68 labels human monocytes and macrophages. CD68 molecule was present on patient intrafollicular tonsil macrophages, distinguished by the brown colour.

For instance, Crohn’s disease(CD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs), which affect the various areas of GI tract (from mouse to anus) and lead to abdominal cramps, weight loss, diarrhea, fever and the other symptom. According to the survey, Crohn’s disease was found to be more common in developed industrialized countries than less developed tropical countries because people who lived in developed areas have less chance of exposure to helminthes. Therefore, although the cause of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood, but it is consider to be related to environmental, genetic factor and autoimmune reaction. Medically speaking, Crohn’s disease is classified as an autoimmune disorder. Usually, there are many harmless and

Interleukins are a type of cytokines and play a vital role in nearly all aspects of inflammation and immunity. They were first seen to be expressed by leukocytes. Interleukin is a term that has been used to describe a group of cytokines with complex immunomodulatory functions – including maturation, cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. They also play an important role in immune cell differentiation and activation. Interleukins initiate a response by binding to like receptors located on the surface of cells; they function in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, rather than an endocrine signal, which is more common with steroidal and amino acid-derived and hormones. The response to these cytokines depends on several different factors such

Upon injury, pathogens such as bacteria & viruses have a means to enter the body.

Studies have revealed that the P2X7 receptor may hold some of these answers (Ferrari et al. 1997), (Perregaux and Gabel, 1998). P2X7 is said to be a key mediator in the activation and secretion of the interleukin-1 family of cytokines. Perhaps the two most well established are the mechanisms involved with the maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. Muñoz-Planillo et al. (2013) suggests that rapid K+ efflux acts as a co-signal alongside activation of toll-like receptors via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These two signals combined are said to initiate the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Whilst the signal received through toll-like receptors is responsible for the synthesis of inflammasome components and inactive forms of IL-1β and IL-18, the second signal received through rapid K+ efflux influences the assembly of the inflammasome itself leading to the activation of caspase-1. Caspase-1 processes and activates pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18

Immunology basically involves understanding the immune system and how it responds to various disease conditions. the immune system consists of a number of components. Traditionally, it is divided into humoral and cellular immune responses. It can also be distinguished into innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity can discriminate between normal tissues , self and newly encountered non-self-proteins while the adaptive immunity is the more complex system aimed at the eradication of intracellular pathogens. To do this, antigen derived from such pathogens that are often new to the host organism, need to be recognised by receptor-bearing specialised immune cells which respond to a complex system of stimulatory and costimulatory signals. Better understanding of the human immune system has led to the identification of a number of tumor-associated antigens in the 1980s and the development of various immunotherapeutic approaches. In recent years, identification of the specific antigenic MHC class I epitopes, advancements in genetic engineering, gene delivery, and cell-based therapeutic approaches allowed development of the novel immunotherapeutics.

Abstract: Selectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that play a vital role in inflammatory responses. These proteins are involved in the homing of leukocytes and have been implicated in numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis as well as various form of cancer. In addressing the role of selectins in autoimmune diseases, it has been found that they involved in the trafficking of immune cells to secondary lymphoid organs under normal conditions as well as to peripheral tissues during inflammation. Precise selectin–ligand interactions facilitate the recruitment of distinct immune cell subpopulations in specific target organs during autoimmune diseases. Additionally, selectins (and their ligands) are also vital for homeostasis and immune cell activation. Tissue-specific, selectin antagonists are fairly promising new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, however, a more precise mechanism for selectin leukocyte targeting must be uncovered first. Selectins also have been found to translate their roles in cellular adhesion to metastatic progression when the correct ligand is present. Though selectins have been identified as potential facilitators of metastasis, they have not been studied as drug targets for treating cancer progression and metastasis. However, targeting selectins as a cancer metastasis treatment could prove very successful as seen from initial positive clinical findings regarding heparin

OIS is emerging as a potent cancer-protective response to oncogenic events, serving to eliminate early neoplastic cells from the proliferative pool. Kuilman et al. (2008) reported a unique role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in OIS of cancer cells. Using combined genetic and bioinformatic analysis, they found that OIS was linked specifically to the activation of an inflammatory transcriptome. Induced genes included IL-6, which upon secretion by senescent cells acted mitogenically in a paracrine fashion (Kuilman 2008). IL-6 was also required for the execution of OIS, but in a cell-autonomous fashion. Its depletion caused the inflammatory network to collapse and abolished senescence entry and maintenance. They also demonstrated that C/EBPβ cooperated with IL-6 to amplify the activation of the inflammatory network, including IL-8. In human colon adenomas, IL-8 specifically colocalized with arrested, p16INK4a-positive epithelium. They proposed a model in which the context-dependent cytostatic and pro-mitogenic functions of interleukins contribute to connect senescence with an inflammatory phenotype and cancer. The role of role of IL-6 in OIS has been confirmed by later studies

Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) also plays a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD as it has been shown to exert various

TNF-α being a key inflammatory mediator triggers an increase in synovial proliferation and also production of other secondary mediators. TNF-α also induces osteoclast differentiation. Overproduction of TNF-α in affected joint causes a cascade of secondary mediators involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells which leads to joint destruction (27). The actions of IL-1β include induction of knee joint inflammation, cartilage damage and bone resorption (28). Cyclooxygenase (COX) is strongly induced by IL-1β and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB may be an appropriate therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (29). The current study revealed increased serum levels of both IL-1β and TNF-α in the RA control groups. These results run parallel to several reports showed that progression of RA is accelerated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TNF-α and IL-1β are reported to be associated with the progression of RA (30). Also, it was observed significantly high levels of IL-1β

Immunoglobulin (Ig) or Antibody (AB) is a protein that is in the shape of a Y that is produced by plasma cells and use by the immune system. These proteins are then utilized to identify and attack bacteria and viruses. Immunoglobulin is clearly a very important protein in our human bodies as well as being very integral to our survival and our ability to fend off foreign molecules. This has lead to a lot of deep research regarding this protein. By knowing the proteins exact structure and functions there will be a larger understanding of how our bodies actually work and how we can improve our health to live longer and better lives. This is exactly what will be looked at throughout this paper, the research, structure, function and behavior of the protein Immunoglobulin (Ig).