contingency, agency, and change. After further reflection, however, it also clear to me that we can improve upon it by incorporating Althusser’s useful references to materiality and production. Before explaining Althusser’s contribution to theories of ideology and the state, it is necessary to review Gramsci’s own writings on the topic, particularly since his definition of the state and its functions varies a great deal within his fragmented notes from 1929-1936. The particular conception with which Gramsci
will be identified to provide a clear and distinct understanding of the use of terminology that will be used throughout this prospectus and study. The following terms or concepts are defined: preservice teacher, ideology, beliefs about teaching and learning, state apparatuses, repressive state apparatus, ideological state apparatuses, and social reproduction. Preservice Teacher According to Kennedy (1999), a preservice teacher is a student that is currently enrolled in a teacher preparation program
Marxism, Communism and Socialism Marxism and Communism follow the similar idea that everyone is entitled for the benefits in accordance of their contributions to the society and also according to their needs and abilities. The Marxist or the Communist theory, developed by Karl Marx and his ally Friedrich Engels, argue that each and everyone should and must reap the benefits of their labor and efforts but are prevented due to capitalist measures. They further argue that, this leads to the formation
hegemonic motives. Securing their victory did not cost them more and more artillery. It was only a matter of influencing the ideology of the conquered peoplea strategically optimised scheme of maintaining their dominance. The battles and the arm struggles may have ceased or diminished but the war of ideology versus ideology perpetuated. White supremacy, a racist ideology, was the conqueror's secret weapon that struck its victim unwary. It is a system of belief that places the white race above
cause wide-scale destruction of public health. With the development of the electronic and satellite media, certain forms of violence like war, terrorism, riots, police violence and civil unrest today are visible to the audience whereas there are other types of violence which are not visible to everybody owing to the perpetrators of violence being invisible and backdrop of violence being home or office or social and even medical institutions which are meant for taking care of the needy, helpless and sick
Fear of crime, mass imprisonment, and the increasing drain of public resources are frequent issues in public and political discourse. The process and outcomes of justice are frequently expressed with frustration as societal wounds and conflicts deepen rather than contribute to healing or resolution. Western society’s criminal justice system methodology contains intrinsic limitations and failures. Nonetheless, it persists through the state’s use of manipulative forms of communication, molding public
split nation; the great divide that happened in initially in 1945 was just the beginning of what would become one of the world’s most infamous splits of a country. Radically different in political regime and agenda, these countries provide for a very complex case study of border conflict. Due to its extremely repressive regime, North Korea stands as one of the worst places to call home in the world, while South Korea is incredibly more liberal. Despite the inescapable amounts of propaganda imposed on
middle-class, was the ideology of true womanhood and the “Woman Question”: the Angel in the House was a stereotype that would exemplify all ranks of Victorian women and also became a representation of oppressed women who were restrained under the dominance of the Victorian male. Previously, women were deemed as sexually ravenous, passive, and morally suspect both in their effects on men, and in their own behaviors and attitudes. Women were assigned a subordinate status in the predominant ideology because they
Louis Althusser’s Marxist theory of education According to Althusser, the two ways that the state helps to keep the bourgeoisie in power are through the repressive state apparatuses and the ideological state apparatuses. The repressive state apparatuses are a set of people who suppress the working class and when they do so, they support the bourgeoisie’s rules by using physical force. Examples of people who use this force are the police, courts, army and judiciary. The ideological state apparatuses
perfect political and social structure in a community. Dystopian literature exposes the negative results of the poor decision making of society. Unlike a Utopia, that is an ideal world, a dystopia is the contrary: a world in which everything is unpleasant, typically a totalitarian or enviromentally degraded one. The government is usually a controlling one and it tries to maintain a perfect society by using technological and moral control. These novels often feature different kinds of repressive social