Typhoid Fever Essay examples

Salmonella enterica: is a member of the Enterobacteriacecae family, a rod shape Gram-negative bacterium. After passage through the gastric acid barrier, S. enterica binds tightly to specific receptors of the epithelial cells in small intestine. The receptor interaction activates a cellular response results in transfer of bacterial effector proteins into the epithelial cell, following by uptake of bacterial cell by endocytosis. Invasion of epithelial cells induce an inflammatory response that increases the fluid secretion of epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. [2]

In the fall of 1984 in The Dalles, Oregon there was a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak that caused gastroenteritis in a total of 751 people. There were two waves of the outbreak, the first being September 9th through the 18th and the second was September 19th through October 10th. An investigation of the outbreak determined that the origin of the outbreak was from 10 different restaurants and eating at their salad bars. During the epidemiological investigation, no water supply, single food item, or supplier or food distributor was common to all the affected restaurants. A later criminal investigation determined that the outbreak was intentionally caused by members of a religious commune contaminating the restaurant salad bars.

Typhoid Fever is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water and it is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Typhoid Fever is a severe illness infecting approximately 21.5 million people worldwide. Typhoid Fever has proven to be fatal in up to 10% of reported cases. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of drug-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi since 1989. Resistance to all three first-line antibiotics has been detected in Pakistan, India, China, and the Arabian Gulf. Unfortunately, drug resistance is rapidly spreading worldwide due to population overcrowding, poor sanitation, insignificant control of infections and the vast increase of extensive international travel, trade, and population movements. Humans are the sole carriers of the bacteria, which is shed through feces from 6 weeks to 3 months after infection. Most common symptoms include fever, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and headaches. There are two vaccines available to prevent typhoid fever. There is an inactivated Typhoid Vaccine and a Live Typhoid Vaccine. The inactivated vaccine is given as a shot while the live typhoid vaccine is taken orally over the course of 4 doses. The risk of either typhoid vaccination causing serious harm is rare and reactions

The infection process is very complex due to numerous virulent factors of the pathogen. In order to enter the small intestine a bacterium must first overcome the antimicrobial activity of saliva enzyme, lactoperoxidase and the low pH of digestive fluid in the (D 'Aoust, 1991). Cytotoxin present on the bacterial cell wall disturb membrane integrity of the host cells which contribute to bacterium attachment and to cell invasion (D 'Aoust, 1991). Salmonella attaches itself to the intestinal epithelial cells by fimbriae. Pathogens enter epithelial cells by membrane-bound vesicle, this process is known as bacteria-mediated endocytosis (D 'Aoust, 1991). Bacterium then divide and invade mucosa layer. Diarrheagenic enterotoxin is released in the intestinal lumen and into the lumen of epithelial cells. Effect of enterotoxin and local inflammation cause water and

for the bacteria to enter the body and cause an infection. Some of the signs and symptoms of

Typhoid: Instigated by Salmonella paratyphi and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Salmonella paratyphi have a lesser number of severe symptoms. Typhoid fever is common and ranges around 103 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. A patient will experience exhaustion and weakness, headaches and loss of

bacteria to stay alive in the stomach” (De-Witt). The people most likely to have been affected by

Intense aggravation activated by enteric pathogens, for example, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), is joined by changes in the bacterial group structure stamped by an outgrowth of the pathogen. Late studies demonstrate that S. Typhimurium can outfit advantage from the host reaction to beat the advantageous bacterial species that overwhelm in the sound gut. The illustration of how S. Typhimurium changes the bacterial group structure amid gastroenteritis is starting to give bits of knowledge into components that manage the harmony between the host and its

This is a typical filth-borne disease and probably the most serious. This disease is caused by an organism known as the typhoid bacillus or Bacillus typhosus. This organism seldom survives in water for more than eight days. Everyone is susceptible to the disease, but one attack usually confers immunity. Immunity can also be obtained for approximately three years by means of anti-typhoid

Salmonella is a bacterial disease of the intestinal tract. Salmonella is a group of bacteria. It causes typhoid fever (an infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen and severe intestinal irritation), food poisoning (an illness caused by bacteria or other toxins in food, typically with vomiting and diarrhea), gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection and causing vomiting and diarrhea), and a lot of other illnesses. The symptoms of salmonellosis develop 12 to 72 hours after infection and usually last 4 to 7 days. Most people recover without treatment. The diarrhea and dehydration might be so severe that it is necessary to go

The word ‘dysentery’ is used to describe two different kinds of stomach illnesses, both of which result in an inflammation of intestines along with very severe and bloody diarrhea. Amoebic Dysentery is caused by an internal protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) that has two forms: the cyst form is its infective form and is spherical in shape with refractile walls. The other form is the trophozoite form which is it mobile form and has a diameter 15-30 micrometers. According to Medline Plus, about 50 million people get Amoebic Dysentery every year around the world, and approximately 40 000 - 50 000 die of Amoebic Dysentery.

Salmonella is a group of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria, which causes a foodborne illness called salmonellosis. Salmonella germs have been known to cause illness for over 100 years. The Salmonella family includes over 2,500 serotypes of bacteria. Of these, the most common serotypes associated with human illness are salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S.Typhimurium) and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). (Kyung-Min Lee, 2015)

Salmonella Typhimurium is a food-poisoning contaminating both humans and animals. Salmonella can contaminate meat, eggs, milk, and other dairy products. Cooking meat can kill the bacteria so you do not get infected. Humans can get infected by Salmonella by eating undercooked meat or animal products. There are over 2,000 types of salmonella. Salmonella has many symptoms such as diarrhea, blood stool, or headache. Pain areas include pain in the abdomen and your muscles. Ways to get rid of this disease is to get treatment. Go to a local pharmacy and ask for antibiotics. Salmonella can also pass from person to person in various ways. These ways include having a family member with this bacteria. It is important to wash every object in your home

C. jejuni and C. coli causes gastroenteritidis. Depending on the dosage of the bacterium, the disease can last for 1 to 10 days (MPI, 2001), and cause acute enteritis (abdominal cramps, fever, headache, severe diarrhoea and muscle pain), or acute inflammatory enterocolitis (inflammation of the inner lining of the colon, resulting in bloody stools) (FDA, 2013; MPI, 2001).

Generally, the active disease is manifested by destruction or "consumption" of the tissues and the development of granulomas (granular tumors) in the infected tissues. The symptoms of the disease vary according to which body organ is infected. The common symptoms however, usually include