Umami Brain Case

 A.directly at the focus of expansion B.straight ahead (but not directly at the focus of expansion) C.at locomotor flow time D.at the psychometric curb

4. You are shown a picture of an elephant. Explain how that stimulus is processed from the retina to the visual cortex of the brain.

Focusing an image clearly onto the retina is the initial step in the process of vision, but although a sharp image on the retina is essential for clear vision, a person does not see the picture on the retina. Vision occurs not in the retina, but in the brain. Before the brain can create vision, the light on the retina must activate the visual receptors in the retina by a two-element

b.) What is the role of cortical brain regions (i.e., cerebellum, the anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the right frontal operculum)

c. One study showed a 37% reduction of the brain’s activity in the parietal lobe that processes cognitive, memory, information regarding the driving task, sense of direction and “spatial sense” as well as the occipital lobe that processes the visual information (Aker, 2011).

Peng's (2013) studies concluded the following: The cuneus and lingual are portions of the human brain are linked to recieving and processing the visual information, especially related to letters. The disorder of these portions fo the brain can lead to a confusion of visual information which may further cause inattention.

All visual information converges on the ganglion cells. Most ganglion cells have a concentric receptive field with an antagonistic center-surround organization and form parallel ON- and OFF-pathways. The functional benefit of the antagonistic center-surround arrangement is the generation of enhanced contrast.( Wurtz RH and Kandel

V6) and Visual area MT (middle temporal/ V5) and to the posterior parietal cortex. The

The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. Its main functions include: processing, integrating, and coordinating sensory information and motor instructions. The sensory data conducts information that is being processed from internal and external conditions the body is experiencing. Motor commands regulate and control peripheral organs (skeletal muscles). The brain functions under memory, emotions, learning, and intelligence. The PNS consist of the neural tissue found outside of the CNS. It functions in sending data to the CNS which motor commands are than carried out to the peripheral tissues/systems. Multiple nerve fibers send sensory data and motor commands in the PNS. The nerves that assist with transmitting data include the cranial nerves and spinal nerve. However, the PNS can be divided into afferent (to bring in) and efferent (to bring out) divisions of transferring data. The afferent division functions in bringing in sensory data to the CNS. Sensory structures are receptors that detect internal/external environmental change and adjusting accordingly. The efferent division functions in carrying out motor commands from the CNS to glands, muscles, and adipose tissue. The efferent division contains somatic

There has been cases where AVP and gustatory responses were correlated. A study conducted in japan illustrated that AVP modulate gustatory responses by controlling the activity of epithelial sodium ion channels (ENaCs)(119). These are channels that are found in the organs of the respiratory, urinary systems and that modulate salty and sour tastes. According to research done on hamsters, AVP in the blood could increase sensitivity to salty or sour tastes as AVP increases sodium ion currents in the epithelium channels which suggests that the threshold for stimulation of taste cells is being

According to current research there are about 800,000 ganglion cells in the human optic nerve (J.R. Anderson, 2009,pg. 35). The ganglion cells are where the first encoding of the visual information happens. Encoding is the process of recognizing the information and changing it into something one’s brains can understand and store. Each ganglion cell is dedicated to encoding information from a specific part of the retina. The optic nerve goes then to the visual cortex and the information enters the brain cells. There are two types of cells that are subcortical, or below the cortex; the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for understanding details and recognizing objects. The superior colliculus is responsible for understanding where objects are located spatially. This collection of cells working together is called the “what-where” distinction. The division of labor continues, as the information is further processes. The “what” information travels to the temporal cortex, the “where” information travels to the parietal regions of the brain.

23.The part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and PROCESSES some sensory information before sending it to its proper area and is called the thalamus.

Normal vision occurs by a coordinated synthesis of the retinal images into a single brain image. If, however, one of the eyes does not transmit a coordinated or useful image the brain may choose to ignore this image when conducting its synthesis. The region of the

Silva et al., 2015). We have taste receptors on our tongue; receptors and the taste particles are like LEGOs, once a certain taste particle fits in a groove, our brains will receive messages from the complex to identify the taste. Combinations of tastes will cause changes of taste intensity levels due to the interactions between different tastes (Keast and Breslin, 2002). Our taste buds get easier to detect sweetness when the sweet taste is presented along with low to moderate concentration of sour taste, so that we are able to taste a more pleasant sour and sweet taste in lots of foods (Keast and Breslin,

The visual system of the cells within the brain contain an area known as the receptive field and is the point in which light enters hits the cell of a receptor (Kalat, 2013). This part of the visual system relies on sensory information, such as light, to either excite or inhibit the cells within the center portion of the receptive field. One of the most significant processes of transmitting information from the visual field is through primary cells of the visual receptors, which include the retinal ganglion cells. In the retina, ganglion cell send information from the eye to the brain. Both the rods and cones within the visual system have a rather small receptive field that connects to bipolar or amacrine cells, of which have their own receptive field consisting of ganglion cells, and then the ganglion cells ultimately make up a larger receptive field (Kalat, 2013).