Topic: Understanding Polycystic Kidney Disease Jess C Brandt
Human Diseases
November 28, 2016
Understanding Polycystic Kidney Disease Polycystic Kidney Disease is a health condition that primarily involves the kidneys, and it is genetic. It is distinguished by the growth of multiple cysts in these organs that ultimately slowly impair the normal kidney function. These cysts are non-cancerous circular sacs that contain a fluid-like substance and have the ability to increase in size as more fluid is accumulated. While the condition mostly affects the kidneys, it is not uncommon for the cysts to grow in other body parts, for example, the liver. This disease poses serious complications that can be fatal. The primary cause of this
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In rare cases, the disease may be due to a gene mutation that happens spontaneously. So as to diagnose this disease, the doctors may use several tests to determine the quantity and size of the cysts. These tests are also used to identify the number of healthy kidney tissues that an individual has. The most commonly used tests is the ultrasound scans where a transducer is placed on the body and is used to emit muffled sound waves that a computer translates into a picture of the kidneys. A second test are the computerized tomography scan that utilizes thin x-ray beams to allow the doctor view a cross-sectional image of each kidney. The third medical test that can be carried out is magnetic resonance imaging where a cross-sectional view of the organs is projected using magnetic fields. Once diagnosed, the management of polycystic kidney disease entails the medical handling of the symptoms from an early stage. Achieving this thus calls for the regulation of blood pressure using angiotensin-converting enzyme drugs so as to stop further degradation of the kidneys. Painkillers are also used to control the pain, and antibiotics used to cure any kidney and bladder infections. In severe cases where the cysts inhibit the functioning of the kidneys, kidney dialysis is done. If the disease is unmanaged, it causes several complications that can be fatal. One of those is hypertension, which, if not
Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a fairly common genetic disorder of the kidneys. It affects approximately 1in 750 people. There are 2 types, the autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and the autosomal recessive (ARPKD). Autosomal dominant (ADPKD) is far more common of the two. The disease presents with lots of cysts on the kidneys and can not be cured. Medication can manage the symptoms. The symptoms include urinary tract infections, high blood pressure and even renal failure as it progresses. Serial ultrasound scans are usually performed to monitor the cysts and to screen family members.
Heart disease - uncontrolled diabetes can put the diabetic at a high risk for stroke, heart attack, and high blood pressure.
These mutations can be due to an error in DNA replication or due to environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke and
Genetic disorders come in various forms. Some can be caused by mutations of the genes or chromosomes while others can be caused by a process called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes during meiosis do not separate correctly and the daughter cells receive too much or too little genetic information. Klinefelter's is caused by nondisjunction which results in an extra X chromosome being present in a male.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys
Polycystic Kidney Disease is an inherited disease that can also form from having existing kidney problems. It is when cysts develop in the kidney and interferes with the filtering of waste from the blood. The cyst in the kidney can lead to inflation and kidney failure, hence as to why it is the fourth leading cause to kidney failure. There are three cases of PKD, these includes Autosomal Dominant PKD (ADPKD), Autosomal Recessive PKD (ARPKD) and Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease (ACKD). These types of PKD are determined on how and when you get the disease or how prone to it you are.
causes that go beyond genetics. In fact, as Moore quoted in his book, the Centers for Disease
Patients must have knowledge about the disease. They must be aware that polycystic kidney disease is an inherited or a genetic kidney disorder which impair the function of the kidney and has no cure. The patient should be informed that proper medical care and lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms for years. Also, they may speak with a genetic counselor if they are planning to have children.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients
More rare is mutation where DNA is randomly altered (although certain things can make this more likely e.g. UV light).This
Having high blood pressure can lead to many bad outcomes. Hypertension can be affecting your body for years without showing any signs or symptom. High blood pressure can have a major negative impact on a person's life if they have high blood pressure. It can also be very unhealthy if it goes untreated. If left untreated the risk of having a heart attack or it can lead to a disability. High blood pressure can damage the cells of your arteries' inner lining. Eventually, your artery walls become less elastic, limiting blood flow throughout your body. Over time, the strain on your heart caused by high blood pressure can cause your heart muscle to weaken and work less efficiently.
Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that infiltrates the kidneys with numerous fluid-filled cysts. This disease is a result of an inherited abnormal gene and effects all genders and ethnicities equally. PKD is classified by two types, that is, autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive (ARPKD). According to the PKD Foundation, “ADPKD is the more common type and affects more than 600,000 Americans and 12.4 million people worldwide. ARPKD is a rare form of the disease that occurs in 1 in 20,000 children worldwide” (PKD Foundation).
causes many issues and symptoms to certain individuals, the disease can be serious and deadly.