Understanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe

“Since media are part of the political class and talk mostly to the political class, the myth of popular polarization took root and grew.” (Fiorina, Abrams, Pope, 2005, p. 167). Recently media has played a huge role in the country’s politic; they share information, report events, and frame opinions.

Technology has forever changed the way we receive our news and has irreversibly changed the landscape of the media. The growth of cable television and the shift from television to the internet have facilitated the growth of both infotainment and narrowcasting. The main question that we’re asking today is how both infotainment and narrowcasting have an impact on politics in America. To better understand this question, we must first know what infotainment and narrowcasting are.

Television has been influential in United States presidential elections since the 1960’s. But just what is this influence, and how has it affected who is elected? Has it made elections fairer and more accessible, or has it moved candidates from pursuing issues to pursuing image? The media only impacts the American Society, especially for the presidential election as it increases the talks in politics and gives the president a higher role to follow. The television race captures more popularity than what a citizen is actually voting for.

The article begins by explaining the main purpose for the research inquiry. If this recent election has proven anything, it is that there is vast wealth of election coverage. Citizens can now access political information, and news coverage from almost anywhere through a variety of mediums. This increased access has opened a new dimension. Partisan media effects have been researched in the past. However, this article points out that there is a lack of inquiry on the timing of partisan media influence during the election cycle.

Should the media play a role in American democracy? The media has a big role in informing people about what is going on in the world. I believe that the media shouldn’t play a role in American democracy. The media has the power to influence voters and candidates, but that is dangerous. If the media were to still play a role in American democracy, it would be a limited one.

The aim of this paper is to look at the relationship between the mass media, specifically television, and presidential elections. This paper will focus on the function of television in presidential elections through three main areas: exit polls, presidential debates, and spots. The focus is on television for three reasons. First, television reaches more voters than any other medium. Second, television attracts the greatest part of presidential campaign budgets. Third, television provides the candidates a good opportunity to contact the people directly. A second main theme of this paper is the role of television in presidential elections in terms of representative democracy in the United States.

How are you informed about voting and elections? With the invention of television, American politics would be forever changed. Politics and television have evolved to be so intertwined that they are now almost one and the same. Since the invention of television in the nineteen fifties the media has had a substantial impact on the outcome of a highly publicized campaign in both positive and negative ways. However, the transition from campaigning in front of unions, work places, and public forums to being able to reach more than millions of homes in America with a single ad led to a drastic reform in the way a president would seek election. The presidential election of the 1960 with John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon would be the pioneering

Luke Scott once stated, ¨Crime is actually less in places where people own guns. Washington, D.C., is a case in point. It has the strictest gun laws, but who has the highest crime rate in the country? Washington, D.C.¨ Many people in the United States of America own firearms and use them in a proper, safe manner. Yet, gun control advocates pursue in trying to ban and put limits on the purchase and ownership of guns because of rare mass shootings that the media portrays to the general public. The media never shows the public the good that firearms do, the way firearms saves lives and keeps people safe. Gun control advocates believe that minimizing the availability of purchasing guns will decrease gun violence. This is ignorant and not a

The media has never had the extreme omnipresence it had during the most recent federal elections. For more and more people the media is becoming something habitual, and politicians were among the first to take advantage of this fact. Be it a parties usage of online social platforms, 24-hour news broadcasting stations, or circa the 1800s printed word, there is no doubt the typical citizen feels connected in some regards to this mass of media. With most third-party communication technologies surfacing within the recent decades, the general affect on citizens ' lives is not fully understood. This connection is immense and complex, but it can

The internet is our modern source for news media; the importance of the newspaper has not only declined, it is in a sense, obsolete. We now turn to the internet for opinions, news, and entertainment. Even though the way in which we consume information (PBS) has changed, the importance of an unrestricted and watchful media has not changed. (Magleby, Light, & Nemacheck, 2010)

Television has been influential in United States presidential elections since the 1960s. It has affected the American culture, the way people choose their candidates and how important politics is. While many could think that television has helped to make politics better and more accessible, it actually has made it become more irrelevant. Television has made candidates into celebrities, influencing them to pursue images instead of issues.

A significant number of theories have been suggested to clarify the concentration of media ownership and the effects it’s had on the government and democracy. Convergence is the process, which changes the relations between audiences, technologies, markets and industries. This process has transformed the traditional extents of newspapers and publishing: “which has now subordinated towards the needs of corporations.” (Jenkins 2004) (Buckley 2008) Whilst previous literature has covered an extensive range of models and theories on convergence, this literature review will explore the idea of the effect of mediatisation on the public sphere, additionally the review will analyse the endeavors at regulation to control the aforementioned notion. By concentrating on the sector of publishing, the ideas to be investigated inquire whether the plurality of media, in other words the diversity of media can be attained without the compromise of the independence of the media industry.

Media is known as the “king maker” for many reasons, such as shaping candidates in audience’s perspective. Television has been a big influence in shaping voters choice and labeling political parties, even though some believe media information can be scant in regards to candidates. Media can be anything from television to social media networks and how many people think that media is a great influence, some also think it can be a problem. “It only takes 140 characters to damage a political campaign” in which Smith is referring to social media as being a problem. (Smith, K. 2011. Pg. 9) At the state and local levels party affiliation remains the most important. “In television age, journalist became the chief influence in the selection of candidates

The rapid enhancement of technology in the contemporary society leads the phenomenon called ‘media convergence’. This is a process that developing the interactive communication constantly across multiple media platforms around the globe. Moreover, after human beings entered the twenty-first century, along with the development of digital and network technologies, media convergence patterns have become more mature on account of three major factors – technology, economic and market (Langtry, 2012). Moreover, the technical factor mainly refers to the digital and network technologies bring the interoperability, interchangeability and connectivity of media, so that the media convergence has become a possible and an inevitable. However, Media convergence is not only a simply technological shift but also “alters the relationships between the existing technologies, industries, markets, genres and audiences” (Jenkins, 2004, p.33). Indeed, media convergence is an accommodative process for the “existing media, communication industries and cultures to adapt with new technologies” (Dwyer, 2010, p.2). Along with the technological development, which is integrating the resources of different mediums, this operation of media convergence brings both changes and challenges in the media industry (Thomas, 2011). However, advertising industry is one of the sectors of communications and cultural industry that cannot avoid media convergence. This literature review paper will analyze

When the White House felt a retraction was not enough because so much harm had already been done, the media got extremely upset with the White House, due to the pressure they were putting on the publication (52-53). Begala agrees with Hewitt that the media has a bias, but argues that it is a liberal bias. He cites the media's obsession with the Clinton and Monica Lewinsky scandal and how, "Even when Clinton was leaving office, he was hounded and pounded by the press" (199). He argues the news coverage was unfair, brutal and unethical in the way both Bill and Hillary Clinton were treated during the scandal (200). Begala also says Al Gore was treated very poorly by the press during the election, by being misquoted. Gore made major contributions during the early phases of the internet and made a comment on CNN saying he "took the initiative in creating the Internet." Begala argues this was blown out of proportion and more than a thousand articles have been written quoting Gore saying he said he "invented the internet" (202). The people's perception that certain publications are bias can have a negative affect on journalists as a whole. While the public demands that the press question politicians, Robinson says there is public discontent when bad news is reported due to the publics distrust in news and a "kill the messenger syndrome." At times, the public will assume all media is the same and when one publication is guilty of inaccurate or bias