Unexpected Expectation Testing Episodic Memory

Mackintosh (1997) starts his paper with a critique of radical behaviourism. In the 1960s, Pavlovian and Instrumental conditionings were main theories to explain animal and human behaviour. However, with cognitivism coming into the picture, learning theory has dramatically improved. Animal theorists started paying more attention to animal cognition, and nothing but well came from it, as researchers

(1963) bobo doll studies has been discussed to demonstrate that experiments that lack ecological validity still have influential results. Nevertheless, even though the experiment was controlled, and results were valid it is absent of telling whether the children would go on to demonstrate the behaviour in the real world. Subsequently, Skinners (1979) experiments were deliberated to show that ecological validity was deficient, however, the outcome of observing animals learning behaviour in their natural habitat would not have been controlled enough to discover if animals can learn behaviour. Finally, Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiments were considered to show that ecological validity can still be maintained under control conditions but this can affect how participants answer the question. Nevertheless, this is so that ethical issues are not

Match the following characteristics to their types of memory. The answers can be used more than once.

A number of tests were compiled and carried out to assess to what extent the dog could understand human language. The first comprised of simply requesting that the dog retrieve a certain toy, this ended with a 92.5% success rate. But to make it more difficult they added objects that Rico had not seen before, then ask for that object with a word he wasn't familiar with. 70% of the time he would associate the unknown word with the unknown object.

Social learning is a monumental concept within animal learning. For animals who lack the ability to communicate verbally, they must find other ways to discover food sources, escape predators, and learn acceptable social behaviours. Social Learning involves knowledge that is gained through observing or interacting with another individual or its products (Heyes, 2011). This definition is distinct from teaching as this type of learning does not involve the demonstrator intending to communicate information to the observer (Heyes, 2011). Therefore, social learning can be understood in terms of “copying behaviour” (Laland, 2004). However, copying others is not always a recipe for success (Laland, 2004).

This experimented sought out to answer the question, “Will a dog be able to sense when its owner is coming home during five days of routine departure and arrival and five days of non-routine departure and arrival?” This lead to the creation of a hypothesis, “If a dog’s owner departs from the same location to arrive home for a week and departs from a different location to arrive home for another week then the dog will show signs of searching for the owner such as barking at windows, stillness, and sniffing the air no matter when the owner departs and arrives because the dog will use its innate sense of smell to track the owner and use pack mentality to detect when the owner is arriving.” in order to craft an experiment. Based upon the data that

Given a task to observe someone and get in tune with his or her movements was not a small task. The motion and activity of a student who owns a dog is very simple but each action has its own meaning and surprisingly each action is different from each owner. The person I chose to observe was this male that looked 20 years old and he was walking a medium dog that was black with a white spot on his tail, an orange/brown shade on the chest, and a white spot on top of the head. For convenience we will name him Doug Black.

Lindsay Patton wrote an article describing six behaviors that are based on genetic instincts. These six behaviors are: spinning around and around before laying down, licking your face, burying their toys, wagging their tails, rolling in gross things, and sniffing each other’s bottoms. Patton explains why dogs do each behavior. Dogs spin around before lying down because, “In the wild, dogs didn’t have a cozy bed or loving human to cuddle up with while they went to sleep. In order to give themselves a comfortable place to rest, they would spin around to mat down grass and to kick up anything that might get in their way, like bugs, dirt, sticks or anything else you’d find in nature,” says Patton. Dogs lick your face because it’s a way they would communicate in the wild. “It is also the way a mother communicates with her young. Another reason is one many people already think: the dogs are showing affection,” says Patton. Burying their prized possessions is a survival instinct of dogs ancestors. They wag their tail because tail wagging was a form of communication for dogs. Rolling around in gross things was another survival instinct for dogs because it would hide their scent when they snuck up on their prey. Lindsay Patton concludes by explaining why dogs sniff each other bottoms. She says, “Dogs’ noses are extremely complex and dogs can tell a lot just by smells. By sniffing

In 1902, a man named Ivan Pavolv, a Russian physiologist, preformed an experiment on learned behaviors in dogs. The experiment was called “Pavolv’s Dogs’. Pavlov

Over the past decade, the recreational marijuana use has been a serious issue because it may cause memory loss, especially if they started during adolescence. Marijuana, known as the extract from a type of plant named cannabis, which found to be in cigarettes, also consumed as an illicit drug. Recreational use means to be something that denoted occasionally taken for entertainment in a socializing place. A study in 2012 indicates a neuropsychological decline of heavy marijuana user from young to midlife. In 2015, the researcher carries out an experiment based on that open study, to show the significant differences in episodic memory(EM) impairments occur among healthy adult, regular past cannabis use disorder(CUD) individuals, chronic schizophrenia

“To test how well dogs and wolves could learn from one another, the researchers created a problem that wolves and dogs were equally motivated to solve: a food treat locked inside a box. The only way to open the box was with a lever. They trained one dog to operate the lever with its mouth, and another dog to use its paw. (The wolves were raised with the dogs and treated them as members of the same pack, Range says.) Then they let wolves and dogs see the box opened by one of those two methods. If dogs have better social intelligence across the board, they should do better than the wolves at learning by example and getting at the treat.

Cognition can be generally defined as the mental processes that include perception, learning, memory, decision-making that allows an animal to take in information about the environment, process and retain the information, and make decisions on how to act. These mental processes are in general measured indirectly. Over the last decades several publications on canine cognition have produced a great amount of information on canine cognitive abilities. (Frank, 2002). The subject of canine cognition is very interesting topic this paper aims to expand

Classical conditioning is often associated with physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with the salivating dog (Hutchinson, 2015). This experiment focused on conditioning the dog to associate food with the bell while salivating, and eventually salivates when the bell is rung even without the presence of food. Operant conditioning theory is changed behavior as the result of a reinforcement (Hutchinson, 2015). In our society, we associate positive reinforcements with compliments, smiles, high-fives in order to encourage a behavior more. Negative reinforcement involves jail, detention, and grounding, and this is to stop a behavior from continuing. A cognitive social learning theory states that behavior can be learned through observations, beliefs, expectations, and imitation of others (Hutchinson, 2015). A major difference between cognitive social learning theory and the others, is a lack of manipulation to encourage the individual to follow through with a behavior. Rather, cognitive social learning theories suggest that a change in thinking can ultimately result in a change in behavior (Hutchinson, 2015).

It is often said that a dog is a man’s best friend. In the last 14,000 years, dogs have accompanied man by helping him hunt, guard, and protect. In our modern world, dogs help us combat in war, search-and-rescue, guide the blind, deaf, discapacitated, rehabilitate patients in therapy, aid law enforcement, and are part of our family as beloved pets (Coren). Although canine superstars such as Lassie, Old Yeller, and Rin Tin Tin portray the perfect dog we all want in our lives, these ideals are far from the truth. Many first-time dog owners expect dogs to know behaviors such as how to walk on a leash, not bite, not destroy the house, and in addition to many others. In reality, dogs must be trained on what their handler wants them to do. It is

A step-by-step guide of how each theory of learning can be applied to allow a dog or cat to learn a desired behaviour