Unilateral Pronation

In August 2015, Tim Newell, Janet Simon, and Carrie L. Docherty published “Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular Height and Plantar Pressures During Activity.” They analyzed the effective of the taping techniques low-dye and the navicular-sling technique in raising the Navicular and plantar pressure by comparing them to a no-tape condition. To perform the low-dye technique, trainers taped across the medial section of the foot, and then taping across the plantar section of the foot. When testing the low-dye taping technique, they used a white cloth tape. To apply the navicular sling condition, the athletic trainer starts by taping the top of the foot, and wrapping it around the planter section of the foot and wrapping it around it back to the top of the foot and

To evaluate injuries, musculoskeletal palpation is taught in many athletic training programs. Oftentimes, the focus is on accuracy of surface anatomy landmarks instead of the ability to discriminate qualitative information such as, tissue tone, spasm, or pain response from the soft tissue. Palpation is a large foundation for evaluation and intervention, a need to further the development of this skill exists. Due to this the integration of tasks to improve palpation skills throughout athletic training curriculum may help improve student confidence, accuracy and precision while performing patient evaluation and manual medicine interventions. Recent research has proven that stereognosis drills can improve student’s palpation skills and provide advanced training to better refine palpation skills. Below, the definition of stereognosis will be defined, as well as, altering techniques to perform these drills. 1

The aim of the study was to verify the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability for visual estimates, goniometric and inclinometry measurements of elbow extension. Through the analysis of reliability coefficients (ICC 1,1) and standard error of measurements, it would provide valuable indications on how measurement procedures or methods could be altered to further improve inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities while minimising SEM. In this test-retest reliability study, unexpected measurements would be examined, factors that might have affected the reliability of observational estimations, goniometric and inclinometry measurements would be evaluated and limitations of the study design would be addressed. Emphasis was specifically placed on how the reliability of goniometric and

Anatomical and tracking markers are used in infra-red light motion analysis to measure 3D displacement of tracking markers attached to Abnormal loading of the knee can cause knee joint injuries or disease. Tracking markers are placed on each thigh and shank laterally by adhesive coban tape to reflect infra-red light for tracking. Infra-red light is emitted by 9 cameras which are also responsible for detection of the reflected infra-red light. Anatomical markers are used as reference point for anatomical calibration by using a marked pointer. Anatomical markers are typically placed at the medial and lateral epicondyle gap. 3 bony landmarks can be marked to establish a segmental body axis system. Coordinates of the 3 segmental bony landmarks to tracking marker axis systems within the global coordinate system can then be related together. By assuming rigid body, fixed bony axis systems are then developed in relation to the tracking marker axis systems. Finally, during the walking trial, position of tracking markers relative to the global coordinate system can be measured.

A total of 13 participants contributed to this study (7 males, 6 females) all in which were measured for vertical jump height, broad jump length, and dorsiflexion of the ankle. The inclusion criteria were students of Austin Peay State University in the Health and Human Performance department. Must be physically able to perform exercise testing and training. Also, students must be above the age of 18. The exclusion criteria consisted of any past injuries that would cause pain or discomfort during the activities. Students who are not a part of the Health and Human Performance Master’s program and students under the age of 18 are also excluded. This project was reviewed and approved by Dr. Timothy Leszczak.

A model of running is proposed in which the leg is represented as a rack-and-pinion element in series with a damped spring. The rack-and-pinion element emphasizes the role of descending commands. While the damped spring represents the dynamic properties of muscles and the position and the rate sensitivity of reflexes. This model is used to predict separately the effect of track compliance on step length and ground contact time. The predictions are compare with experiments in which athletics ran over track of controlled spring stiffness. A sharp spike in foot force up to 5 times body weight was found on hard surfaces, but this spike disappeared as the athletes ran on soft experimental tracks. Both ground contact times and step length increased

The basic gait parameters most frequently used are velocity, step length, and step frequency. Many reports are concerned with pathological gait, but such data must be compared with valid normal reference data to be interpretable. The aim of this study was to compare the participant’s present reference data with basic gait parameters for normal subjects. The experiment involved one voluntary male Exercise and Sport Science student aged 20 with a history of numerous ankle injuries in the last 2 years. The participant weighs 72kg and is 1.76m tall with both legs measuring at 97cm.

A significant main effect was found for Knee Extensor Movement (ME). Here ME was significantly greater in the conventional footwear as compared to barefoot. A significant main effect was also observed for Patello Femoral Contact Force (PTF) which was also significantly greater in conventional footwear. A further main effect was found for Pressure (PP) which was significantly lesser in barefoot running.

“While some runners jog up and down, losing energy, Pistorius directs energy forward, looking somewhat like he is rolling on wheels” (Mechanics). Running with biological legs requires more energy than running with prosthetics because of the up and down motion rather than the forward motion. Some of the energy of a normal runner is spent for vertical movements, which does not help a runner, but only hurts them instead. On the other hand, a runner with prosthetics does not have to exert as much energy on vertical motion compared to a runner with biological legs, and apply most of their energy on forwards movement, offering them a larger advantage over their competition. A third asset of the physiology of a prosthetic is the quickness that the prosthesis can reposition. “The five most recent world record holders in the 100-meter dash averaged 0.34 second. Pistorius swings his leg in 0.28 second” (Eveleth). A professor of applied physiology and biomechanics at SMU, Peter Weyand, stated that, “He can reposition his limbs 20 to 25 percent faster than intact-limb runners who have the same top speed … and 16 percent faster than five world record-holders in the 100 meters”

Young healthy men (age: 22 4 years) participated in the study, 66 in total (48 students, 18 athletes). Isokinetic knee extensor strength was measured on the non-dominant leg only, at 60/s. The loading conditions for the countermovement jumps were 70%, 85%, 100%, 115%, and 130% of bodyweight.

Fletcher and Jones (2004) examined the effect of different warm-up stretching protocols on 20 meter sprint performance. This study used 97 trained, male rugby union players. The subjects were divided into 4 groups. Each group performed a light jogging warm up for 10 minutes followed by two 20-meter sprints. This test was then repeated the same day after subject completed their assigned warm-up stretch protocol. The results of this study concluded that dynamic stretching increase 20-m sprint

In conclusion the study done has provided us with the scores we set out to achieve for the Inter-rater reliability and SEM and the Intra-rater reliability and SEM. Firstly, we can take a look at and evaluate the method of measurement that was found to be the most accurate, the Goniometer. The scores of the Inter-rater reliability and SEM, and the Intra-rater reliability and SEM were very similar and both scored just below a score of 1. The Goniometer was found to be most reliable and for several reasons. One of the main reasons is when used correctly you are able to use bony projections/landmarks (Greater Trochanter, Lateral Epicondyle and Lateral Malleolus) on the patient to line it up. This allows us to produce more accurate and consistent scores and in doing so greatly reduces the room for human error. When lined up with the projections/landmarks the Goniometer can produce scores within a few degrees of error even when being used by a less skilled or less experienced assessor. Therefore, when comparing this with the other two methods Observation and Inclinometer you can immediately see where, why and how they become less accurate.

I've see a huge amount of runners who've been educated that their particular condition is a result of overpronation. Ordinarily, they've had some sort of a "postural or walk examination" done by a guide, mentor or social protection capable, or at a running store. They are usually fitted with quality shoes, off-the-rack orthotics or gathering made orthotics; the general point being to expect superfluous pronation of the foot.

Often overlooked, reliability is essential for the recognition and consequently the diagnosis of abnormal elbow extension within physiotherapy. In particular, the diagnosis of impairments and diseases such as septic arthritis, ulnar nerve entrapment, (Philippou, Maridaki & Bogdanis, 2003) osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (Bucala, 2011) affect a patient’s elbow extension. Thus, measurement methods during diagnosis must be accurate and reliable. In regards to patient progress, the effectiveness of treatments can be recorded quantitatively with measurement. Thus, it follows that a lack in reliability would dramatically compromise the integrity of elbow extension measurements. It is argued that all measurements must be reliable to ensure accuracy and the best possible care for patients.

A study that looked at muscle-tendon interaction differences between Kenyan and Japanese distance runners claimed that though this difference in efficiency exists, it is not entirely responsible for Kenyans superiority in the sport[6]. This study found that Kenyans have far longer achilles tendons when stretched which they claim causes “an enhanced utilization of elastic strain energy and leads to improved running economy”[6]. They also discovered that Kenyans were able to drive their legs not only faster than Japanese runners but also further forward. Members of the Department of Kinesiology and Psychology at University of Texas at El Paso furthered this find saying that in general “biomechanical factors may play a significant role in the success of Kenyan distance runners”[7]. They found that