Union Parishad : The Lowest Tier Of The Local Government

For the first part of the mandatory project of follow an issue, I have chosen to follow the topic of the underrepresentation of women in politics. There are several reasons why I decided on this topic, mainly because it interests me and is something which will only enhance my knowledge, but in a different political element. My major at Purdue is political science, so I enjoy furthering my experience and research on any aspect of politics or the involvement in them.

In this study, primary and secondary research will be both incorporated. The reason for this is to be able to provide adequate discussion for the readers that will help them understand more about the issue and the different variables that involve with it. The primary data for the study will be represented by the survey results that will be acquired from the respondents. On the other hand, the literature reviews to be presented in the second chapter of the study will represent the secondary data of the study. The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from books, journals and theses and related studies.

Union Council was the basic unit of Local Governments for the local areas. The Union Council was constituted for each Union, which was group of village comprising a population of 10,000 to 20,000. There were 7 to 15 members of each Union Council, who were directly elected by the people for the term of four

The research is based on primary data or secondary literature based on subject. The information collected and findings are taken into consideration based on various research papers, journals, newspapers, websites and other sources. The findings are also incorporated based on such literature.

1. Supporting employers to remove barriers to the full and equal participation of women in the workforce, in recognition of the disadvantaged position of women in relation to employment matters.

The abstract summarize the state of the purpose, research problem and rational of the study. The hypothesis and research questions are clearly stated which are related to the research problem though they aren't stated directly.

In recent decades, the process of development in the Third World has largely deprived women and marginalized them of their control of resources and authority. However, the burdens of their traditional duties are still heavy. Women not only take care of the whole family within households, but also play an essential role in community management and security. While the important role is widely recognized by worldwide, that is not necessary meant that the issue of gender has been satisfactorily involved into planning practices. Historically, planning problems of women were considered as problems of social welfare, rather than of development. However, the social welfare

Gender-predicated discrimination perpetuates in adolescence & is often a constant feature of adulthood. Bangladesh is considered as one of the least developed countries of the world. Though the world contemplates the millennium goals, yet Bangladesh has not been able to establish the fundamental rights to her  people.Unequal power cognations between females and males lead to widespread breaches of health and human rights. Among the most sedulous and pernicious are early or child espousement, sexual trafficking, sexual violence, coercion, and female genital cutting. Institutionalized licit inequality underpins laws that keep land, mazuma and other economic resources out of girls and womens hands, closing off avenues for redress of discrimination and engendering the conditions for gender-predicated violence and exploitation.

The need has long been felt to uplift the position and status of women and bring them at par to that of their counterparts. The Ninth Five-year Plan envisages various development and constitutional guarantees for the upliftment of the woman. The Ministry of Rural Development has created a fund earmarked as ‘Woman Compound’ to ensure adequate flow of resources to women. Programmes such as Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), Indira Awas Yojana (IAW), National Assistance Programme (NSAP) etc. were launched with an objective to reduce this inequality.

This article captures significant areas from the literature around. (a) Women’s work, poverty and structural

Not only are there seats reserved for women on panchayats, or the local form of government, but there is a quota system present in all three tiers of government. Quotas are being introduced in countries that do not have a long history of mobilization of women and of women's integration

In most cases within the civil society realm, economic status also hinders women’s individual empowerment. Mudege and Kwangwari (2013) also asserts that women who holds economic power tends to have bigger say that those with less. It is clear that sometimes women join civil society organizations to pursue their own social class interests that may not

More than fifty per cent of the women surveyed said that they were not interested in electoral politics. Almost all villagers said "Basically, women think that politics is not their cup of tea". Although society in Meghalaya is theoretically matriarchal, in practice men have all the economic power and therefore men have the ability to control politics. Since women do not have economic power, they lack confidence to step into politics. Even now, the village councils or dorbars do not have women in decision-making positions. Another factor that prevents women from coming forward and demanding political space is that they are not groomed to take part in public discourses as a matter of tradition. It is observed that no bank provides any financial assistance to any male Khasi entrepreneur because they cannot pledge any immovable property. This is a major practical problem which our society wants to gloss over.

The high degree of patriarchal society desperately dominates the decision-making processes both in private as well as public domains. Whereas the school of political science describes that Politics means a democratic, participatory, responsible and straight- dealing process. It was also mentioned in the International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights, 1966 that politics could form a humane and equitable society. One major therapy prescribed by women empowerment advocates that participation of women in political decision making level could bring a good connection between vibrant and participatory democracy and dignity of women community. Hence, three tier Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), a democratic, participatory rural administration- would be a right alternative to safeguard women’s participation right as well as a platform for practicing their political decision making right. Considering this male hegemony, Indian Parliament also secured 33% seats in the three tier PRIs for women, through its 73rd Amendment in 1992. This historic decision provides the women to share the seat with men, to raise their voice on issues concerning women oppression, suppression and related issues. It basically represents the revolutionary potential to change the face of the grassroots rural India through the Panchayati Raj Institutions. It ensures the participation of women in the local governance. ‘All human beings are born free and equal in

E.g. Introductory occupation preparing ought to be finished and all ought to get the preparation inside the stipulated time. Reorientation preparing requirements of the AWW's ought to be evaluated appropriately and ought to be finished in the stipulated time for successful working. Woman administrators ought to be prepared to achieve their particular occupation. NGO's ought to be occupied with preparing and reorientation of the AWW AND Lady managers. Observing the program