Unité D'Habitation, Marseille, France by Le Corbusier.

Interestingly, the geographic location of a city can dramatically affect the daily lives and routines of those who inhabit it. For example, the author gave an excellent example of how the differing land bases of New York and Los Angeles greatly effects architecture, and subsequently, how and how often people interact with one another. Specifically, the author stated that the high-density of New York coupled with the predominance of large skyscrapers leads to a different daily experience than what is experienced in Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, the building conditions require shorter and more spread out buildings.

Construction of the city consumes minimal resources because the assets already present are conserved rather than destroyed. The houses themselves, although “unpainted and patched” are simple but effective structures. This shows how rather than dwelling on superfluous aesthetics, the older generation devotes itself to more fruitful endeavors. For example, residences sport compost heaps. The implementation of such devices preserves and recycles many resources, further emphasizing the conservative ideology of the older generation. While their practical lifestyle is compared to “savagery” by the younger generation, the city of the old generation is really an example of their efficiency.

They built two basic styles of housing; one for the general populace and another for the caciques. Ordinary people lived in dwellings somewhat similar to North American teepees, circular buildings with a central pole. The major difference was that they did not use animal skins for shelter, but instead used straw and palm leaves. The caciques were housed in rectangular buildings, much larger, although the same materials were used. Since these houses would contain a cacique's entire family, they were quite large. Even the common people's homes had to house anywhere from 10 - 15 men and their families, which could mean up to a hundred people (Stannard 51).

In Corbusier’s architecture he sought to refine the buildings to a perfect standard in with the aim of benefiting society on whole. Corbusier firmly believed in the power of architecture to effect the lives of people, in his collection of essays on modern architecture titled Vers une architecture (Toward[s] an Architecture) Corbusier claims architecture to be “A product of happy peoples and a thing which in itself produces happy peoples.” Through his publication of L’Espirit Nouveau, and through his works as an architect and artist Corbusier implemented the orderly, rational and logical aesthetics that he believed would lead towards a better world for his adopted nation of France, and the world, addressing issues of the time such as housing.

The author uses multiple co-living examples across the globe to highlight the vast potential of this new housing structure. The Old Oak Building (the largest co-living building in the world), boasts 97% occupancy rates. Moreover, the company

Beginning with the insulae, these building are similar to apartment buildings we see today. There were multiple levels in each building, and they were centered around one courtyard. An interesting aspect about insulae was the ground level consisted of shops; providing residents supplies they need. This type of dwelling was common for the lower class, as they were smaller and more affordable. Dwellings for the less fortunate expanded upward, while dwellings for the rich remained ground level but expanded outward.

Cité de Refuge was the first chance that Le Corbusier had to deal with housing for the poor in a city. (Roberts, 2010) (Army, 2017)

Imagine a city where no green space can be found. Where concrete and steel buildings rise up and block the sun. Where streets are chaotic and gridlocked and citizens are stuffed in cramped, dirty and unsanitary apartments. This was the world of 19th-century cities where human health and happiness were disregarded for economic gain. These horrid conditions shaped the lives and ideas of three very influential men: Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. They took their own experiences and redesigned the sprawling metropolis to improve the lives of the residents. Each man created urban utopias that included green spaces, farms, and parks to improve air quality and the livelihoods of the people. Despite theses similar views, each design differed from the others. Howard, Le Corbusier, and Wright all completely reimagined the urban city in differing ways based on scale, distribution of land and technology. Their design concepts have been adapted across the globe and implemented into modern urban planning everywhere.

“The best that can be said of the conception is that it did afford a chance to experiment with some physical and social planning theories which did not pan out. “ This quote reflects Jane Jacob’s philosophical ideas in an attempt to criticize the social housing’s design approach and its associated urban planning in modern era. “The physical and social theories” outlines the urban planning idea of social housing (Utopian idea) and according to Jane’s statement, such experiment of these theories were deem to be unsuccessful. It is inevitably certain to some extent that a provocative statement towards modern era social housing approaches would hold true due to the minimal success the plans brought to the city, such as solving the working class commendations temporarily. Nevertheless, it is a failure to deliver long-standing social improvements corresponded with the increasing suspicion of modernism, one cannot simply attribute ill fate to its “innovative physical features” (As Jane said, the Utopian and Utopia), but should rather considered a range of other elements in the larger aspect of society: factors such as difficulty of racial integration, problems of financing and management, lack of bridging between architecture and planning, as well as the increasing preference of suburban lifestyle from the rising mid class. These problems reflected evidently in some stereotypes of social housing communities built in the modern era such as Pruitt-Igoe, sunny side Gardens, Paul

Outside these skyscraper spaces will be a redent set-back apartment blocks. These blocks are the “cells” of the system. The social structure of the city can be seen in the distinctions in the housing. The housing closest to the city center is larger and lusher. And the housing further from the city is smaller and designed for poorer people (Frampton 50). Therefore, upward mobility in the social system

As a result of a booming development of the nineteenth century city, “progressive” architects of the time started to deliberate and conceive opinions to create long term solutions. Known for his radical cultural manifestos, Le Corbusier is one of the architects that epitomizes the change in ideal of the Machine Age. He introduced ideas of living in completely analogous, planned, designed, and then built, cities. Le Corbusier 's proposition for the City of Tomorrow had in its roots the intention of creating a series of fundamental principles that would become the skeleton of any modern city plan. However, considerations that were not applied during that period of time, are the cause of its unsuccessful development.

One of Safdie's most well known buildings is Habitat 67 (or Habitat). The concept of Habitat began in Safdie's master's thesis. He submitted the idea to the 1967 World Exhibition and, when it was accepted, established his own firm to help see its completion. (Safdie Architects) A series of carefully planned and stacked concrete blocks, Habitat seeks to create a space where every resident of the

The purpose of this paper is to review the key ideas of the Garden City Movement and to discuss how his ideas have been developed and revised in the latter urban planning theories, which are, the Garden Suburb, Satellite City, the New Towns Movement and the New Urbanism.

In addition, le Corbusier’s concept about urban planning is an idea on a large-scale project by visualization or “plan vision” that use concrete as the main form of structure and base on human measurement, Fibonacci number and double unit . Moreover, he used the golden ratio in modular

What is the one thing you can do to make a design of a city a place rich in architectural conditions? To answer this shortly, it is not just one thing, but a combination of architectural elements that make a design successful. To make a city rich in urban conditions, various elements have to be shown throughout the city. In my opinion, a well organized city, is a city well structured with a successful design. To form such successful design elements such as urban pattern and hierarchy need to be taken into considerations, in that way every single aspect of architecture included in the design of a city brings will bring it closer to a spatially rich urban condition. Following, I have listed the main key elements, including Hierarchy of objects, Urban Pattern, and Public Space, and the reasons why they are necessary for an urban conditions to accomplish it’s purpose of enriching a designed city.