Unit 11 Assignment 2 Cardiovascular And Transport Systems

▪ Surface area to volume ratios and the ability of cells to get nutrients in and waste products out of the cell

There are several body systems, for example the digestive system, the respiratory system and cardiovascular system. I am going to look at the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. They are important because they help people grow, reproduce and maintain life. The body system needs energy for it to function. Our body gets energy from digesting food and using it in the respiration process.

Is the relationship between blood vessel length and blood flow rate directly proportional or inversely proportional? Why? They are directly proportional peripheral resistance.

Materials move into and out of cells through either passive transport or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion and osmosis. Molecules tend to move from crowded to less crowded in order to achieve a balance or to reach homeostasis. The cell membrane is selectively permeable which allows the movement of substances, especially oxygen, water, food molecules, carbon dioxide, and waste products, into or out of the cell without the use of energy. Movement occurs when there are unequal concentrations of a substance inside and outside of the cell.

The 3 types of cellular transport that I am including are Osmosis, Active Transport, and Facilitated Diffusion. Osmosis allows water to move from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration until both sides are equal. During Osmosis, only water molecules can pass through, and sugar molecules cannot pass through the membrane. This process requires no energy from the cell. An example of osmosis is in an hypotonic red blood cell, which will cause the cell to burst due to the cell having too much water. Cells can regulate water concentrations through osmoregulation. Active transport requires energy because it pumps solute against its concentration gradient. Energy for this work is usually supplied by ATP. To

2. Define multicellular organism - are those organisms containing more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform various functions.

Define equilibrium potential: Equilibrium channels can be calculated using the Nernst Equation and the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Equilibrium potentials are membrane potentials when an ion does not diffuse through the membrane. It is also associated with potassium leaving the cell through leak channels.

The cardiovascular system - The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting nutrients and removing gaseous waste from the body. It consists of the heart, which powers the whole process, the veins, arteries, and capillaries, which deliver oxygen to tissue at the cellular level. The cardiovascular system carries blood that is low in oxygen away from the heart to the lungs via arteries, where oxygen levels are restored through the air once oxygenated, this blood is then carried throughout the body via arteries, keeping our organs and tissue alive. The cardiovascular system is the workhorse of the body, continuously moving to push blood to the cells. If this important system ceases its work, the body dies.

The cardiovascular systems function is to pass blood through ones body keeping their muscles oxygenated, to keep nutrients that are needed in the body and to help get rid of metabolic waste. The cardiovascular system is made up of three components, these are; the heart, the blood and the blood vessels.

1.The fluid surrounding tissue cells is called? interstitial fluid.2.What are the functions performed by the circulatory system?-The circulatory system supplies oxygen and nutrients to our body by working with the respiratory system.- It also helps carry waste and carbon dioxide out of the body3.What is the fluid type that holds many of the human body fluids? Intracellular fluid4. Name fluids that are nearly identical in content except for proteins. Plasma and interstitial fluids.5.What function of blood is most critical to life on a second to second basis? Blood Regulation6.What fluid has the highest concentration of proteins? Intracellular fluids7.What is the most prevalent positive ion in interstitial fluids? Sodium8.What is the principal

P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body.

Diffusion is an automated process by where the levels of oxygen, water and carbon dioxide pass over a ‘semi-permeable membrane’ between the walls of the cells and blood vessels to create a level environment. This membrane only allows these three elements to pass whilst retaining other elements such as blood cells, hence semi-permeable. The high concentration on one side of the cells transfers through this membrane until the level is equal on both sides.

A single-celled eukaryote or protist can carry chlorophyll (it can be an autotrophic, photosynthetic, "alga"), it can eat other organisms (it can be an organotrophic, "protozoan" "animal"), or it may do both.

veins to the tissues of the body. These walls do not let out blood but

has to work harder pumping blood to the rest of the body. Blood in our