Unit 2 W4 Muscle Summary

Together, the two sides extend neck; alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side

Consists of the scapula and the clavicle (shoulder girdle). It attaches the upper appendages to the skeleton and is a major attachment for the major muscle of the neck and trunk.

Shoulder flexion/extension; Elbow flexion and extension; Use of the lower and upper back. Muscles involved include the latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, trapezius, deltoids and the pectorals.

The hand is a very important extremity attached to the human body and is used in everyday life. Humans use it doing almost everything. The major systems the body uses to be able to move the hands are the skeletal, muscular and nerves systems. The skeletal system of the hand involves the bones, such as, eight carpal bones, five metacarpal and fourteen finger bones (Istitute for Quality & Efficiency in Health Care, 2013). All connected by joints and ligaments. The muscles include two parts, the thenar eminence and the hypothenar eminence (Istitute for Quality & Efficiency in Health Care, 2013). The thenar eminence moves the base of the thumb, also lets the thumb touch the four fingers; the hypothenar eminence allows the little finger to bend

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint which allows it a flexion and extension motion.

The extensor tendons are muscles that allow your fingers and thumbs to extend. The location of this muscle is right under the skin at the back of your finger. The location of the muscle can cause problems because if the finger is bent back to the palm the muscle can tear. The most common name for this injury is baseball finger also known as mallet finger. When this tendon is damaged the top of your finger

The deep digital flexor muscle is a long and strong muscle that originates from the humerus and attaches on to the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx. It is made up of three different muscle heads that comes together at the level of the carpus to form one common tendon. The three different heads are the humeral head, the ulnar head and the radial head. The humeral head origins from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The ulnar head arises on the medial aspect of the olecranon and attaches with the main tendon at the level of the carpus. The radial originates from the caudomedial aspect of the radius at approximately the middle third of the forearm and connects with the other parts at the distal end of the radius (Barone, 2000)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, that runs from the neck, under the armpit, along the forearm and into the palm of the hand, becomes compressed in the wrist. This compression is a result of the reduction in the space of the carpal tunnel, due to swelling of the surrounding tissue. This can cause numbness, tingling, burning, pin-and needle sensations and pain in the thumb, index, middle and half of the ring finger. The carpal tunnel is the area, where bones and ligament in the wrist provide a small, rigid passageway that houses the median nerve. The median nerve runs through the first 4 digits of the hand, excluding the little finger. It provides sensation and locomotion in the hand. And controls the thumb muscles.

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist. The floor and sides of the tunnel are formed by small wrist bones called carpal bones. The roof of the tunnel is a strong band of connective tissue called the transverse carpal ligament. Because these boundaries are very rigid, the carpal tunnel has little capacity to "stretch" or increase in size.

These are parts that enable the hand and wrist to work together for an action like writing to happen. When these joints are affected by arthritis you will experience intense pain and daily small actions that were not a problem before, will become impossible. Arthritis of the hand needs to be treated immediately because over time if treatment is not administer then it causes inflammation and distortion of this bones they lose there original shape and this becomes very painful. Early symptoms include feeling a dull or burning sensation. The pain however is the most prevalent symptom and it occurs during lifting of heavy objects. With time because the cartilage wears off and there’s less material to provide shock absorption pain in the joint becomes more extreme. Experts and doctors recommend certain remedies to relieve this pain they include: 1. Splinting and injections These two methods are applied together in case one does not work or the patient ends up reacting to one. Doctors may advise the patient to use a specially designed splint. The splint supports the joints of the hand and in so doing prevents excess pressure from being exerted on it hence avert pain. However, this splint should be small enough to ensure that the user still uses the hand muscles and does not end up losing function of the muscles on the lower hand. Over time anti-inflammatory medicines may become ineffective as they contain

Complete or faulty union of the scaphoid is causing a flexion deformity of the scaphoid but and possibly an ulnar translocation or rotation of the distal fragment of the radius, although, the study remain unclear (Singh & Dias 2012). In a cadaveric research, the imitated scaphoid malunion contributing to limited wrist extension motion and this was correlative to the deviation of angulation (Burgess, 1987).

The medial area of it has a bony prominence, whichis known as the ulnar styloid process. This is the point of attachment for soft tissue structures. The dorsal nonarticular portion of the ulnar head has an osseous groove to accommodate the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (ECU). Articular cartilage covers a 90 to 135 degrees arc of the ulnar head, and only a 47 to 80 degree arc on the sigmoid notch.[20]

The flexor digitorum which is on the anterior forearm arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common tendon. The flexor digitorum lies between the superficial and deep groups. In the anterior fingers, which inserts on the sides of the middle phalanges, splits at the level of the proximal phalanges, permitting the deeper tendons of the FDP to pass on through to the bases of the distal phalanges. It is from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from the antebrachial fascia. It divides into four tendons, which pass, together with that of the extensor indicis proprius, through a separate compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament, within a mucous sheath. Flexor digitorum flexes digits at MCP and PIP joints,

The trapezius has elevated the scapula; the origin is the external occipital protuberance, medial portion of the super nuchae and spinous process C-7 through T-12 and the insertion is a lateral one third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula. The final phase is the recovery, this is very similar to the initial phase, which was the catch phase there are some differences. In the recovery phase, the shoulders and elbows are again abducted and extended, and the scapulars are abducted. The shoulder girdle responsible for , adduction/abduction, downward /upward rotation, elevation/depression, the muscles involved: tramezius, pectoralis, The shoulder joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: latissimus dorsi, teres major/minor, deltoid, and infraspinatus. The elbow joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: Biceps brachii brachialis,brachioradialis. The shoulder girdle, elbow joint, and shoulder joint involved all eccentric

Action: It functions mainly as a scapular retractor and elevator of the lateral angle of the scapula[19].