Unit 22, P3

Per Schmuck, (1997) “Observation methods are useful to researchers in a variety of ways. They provide researchers with the means to check for nonverbal expression of feelings, determine who interacts with whom, grasp how participants communicate with each other and check for how much time spent on various activities.”" Nevertheless, the Apple and Samsung needed to re-brand their great iconic name with unleashing of store coupons of $200.00 as experiment new customers. The

allows for participants that are more willing to adhere to the study, and therefore may impact the

Experimental research concentrates on how and why something happens. It is the evaluation of how an independent variable (a manipulated factor) affects a dependent variable (an observed factor). The outcome can be affected by a number of elements; obtaining random and representative samples of the study population, experimenter bias and extraneous variables.

Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work and taking notes on the activity which takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video camera.

This is an experimental study because it involves the manipulation of the variables at various degrees and seeing the effects of such a manipulation.

Participant Observation – The advantages are realism and natural behaviour, thus greater validity, new directions for research, and qualitative data. Conversely, there may be observer bias and effects, lack of quantitative data, difficulty in replicating or generalising, time consuming, and may raise ethical issues (Haralambos, et al., 2002).

Firstly, it has the capacity to reduce reactivity which is capable of distorting data. The likelihood that the presence of the observer may allow for alterations in the behaviour of the observed, by the observed towards the observer exist in participant observation and are capable of reducing the validity of data if such actions are not take into cognisance suggests Schwartz and Schwartz (1955).familiarity between the observed and the observer over time can however change this .Bernard (2006) affirms that rather than encourage the occurrence of such, the presence of the researcher instead discourages reactivity on the basis that the researcher’s presence over time builds trust with the observed and in turn lowers the risk of reactivity because the observed are more familiar and comfortable around the researcher. Hence they act in their natural state this therefore, help to generate more valid data.

Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work and taking notes on the activity which takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video camera.

Limitations. What is the scope of the study? Can it claim causation? Here we get into the nitty

There are three kinds of research methods: description, correlation and experiment. One of the description method is Naturalistic observation. As its name, this research is to observe behaviors naturally. Your job is to stand or have a sit, watch people or things “secretly” and record their behaviors carefully, then describe exactly what you see. You will not control the situation. You also cannot let your tracked subjects realize your observation, or they will change the way they behave and you will fail in catching natural behaviors. In this method, you just describe the behaviors or collect their data, do not explain why they acted those things or how

Thicker description of what is being studied, and methods are designed to capture life as participants experience it rather than predetermined catagories created by the researcher.

The disadvantage of the research approach I chose, experimental, includes creating artificial situations (non-regular environment that the study may take place) and generalizability (not having an applicable relationship in other contexts). Along with this, there are also ethical concerns with manipulating some variables in experiments.

Then, I may randomly select a number of subjects, like 100 people, and randomly assign them to experiment group and control group. The dependent variable here is whether people are willing to pick up papers that just dropped in front of them. By testing the both groups, researcher can have a conclusion about whether there is a causation between mood and helping. Compared to correlational study, experiment has some advantages. “Experiment is a research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusion about causality”(Research Method Lecture, 8/27/2015). According to the definition of an experiment, we could find an obvious advantage of experiment. While correlational study only allows researchers to see the correlation between variables, experiment allows researchers to see the causality of variables, which is a more clear and direct relation. Also, experiment uses random assignment in the research; It makes the research more objective and reduces some confounding variables. In addition, Experiment allows researcher to have stricter control of the study. researchers could decide the way to test, and whether let subjects expose to independent

Here, unlike naturalistic observation, the researcher intervenes in the environment. Basically, this refers to inserting yourself as a member of a group in order to observe behavior you wouldn't otherwise have access to. Although it seems like naturalistic observation and participant observation are simply categories, you should understand that there is a really a continuum of intrusion into the environment. It depends on the extent to which the researcher is involved in the research study. For example, if someone sets up an event (e.g., putting trash in a path to see who picks it up), this is not naturalistic observation (see criteria above). This is also not participant observation research because the researcher is not a part of the group being observed. Think of this as a continuum with naturalistic observation on one end and participant observation on the other.

Research methodology is a way how the research is conducted step by step and in order. There are two methods used for data collection which is the primary data and secondary data. These data can be obtained and used many ways. The data is taken and analyzed in advance to produce a result that we can use for research and future reference. This study will relate to the objective we want to achieve and finding the answer to every objective we seek. In order to successfully achieve the objectives we seek, we must know