Unit 3 Lab 3 Internal Digestion

10. Which had the greatest average 1- OD (amount of bile acid adsorbed to meal particles), the standard meal with bile acid or the

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First of all, the human body, crayfish, earthworm, and frog all have many similarities and differenced about how their digestive system works. They all eat their food through their mouths and the food then travels into the esophagus. The esophagus prepares the food for further digestion. The food in the esophagus then travels in the frog, crayfish, and human body’s stomach. The earthworm doesn’t have a stomach, but it has a crop that serves as a storage stomach. Once the food is in the stomach, something different happens for each organism. The food in the crayfish travels to the digestive gland which produces digestive substances and from which the absorption of nutrients occurs. The same thing occurs in a frog and the human body, but instead of a digestive gland it is moved into a small intestine. In the earthworm, the food goes from the stomach to the gizzard, which uses stones that the earthworm eats to grind the food completely. After it is moved into the digestive gland, small intestine, or gizzard, the food is mostly digested. The earthworm and human body’s food is now moved into the larger intestine, where it absorbs water and any remaining nutrients. The frogs food is stored in something like a large intestine, but it is called the gallbladder. The crayfish only has on intestine. After going through all this, the undigested material leaves through the anus, or for a frog, it is called the cloaca.

Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by various cells within the body. The breakdown is initiated when food is ingested in the mouth and specific enzymes are exposed to components within the food molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication, or chewing, performed by the teeth. The purpose of chewing

The process of digestion first begins in the mouth by in taking food (bolus). The teeth help with masticating (chewing and breaking food particles down) allowing for swallowing and increasing surface area for chemical digestion. Enzymes found in saliva also facilitates with the chemical break down of food primarily starches and fats. The food swallowed then enters into the esophagus (a tube connecting the mouth and stomach). Peristalsis helps the esophagus to push the food in the direction of the stomach. The stomach contents are highly acidic (doesn’t affect the stomach mucosa since cells secrete mucus allowing the stomach wall to be protected) with pH levels between 1.5-2.5 allowing microorganisms to be killed, breaking down of food, and activating digestive enzymes producing a thick substance known as chyme. However, breaking down of foods further occurs in the small intestine consisting of: bile created from the liver, enzymes formed from the small intestine, and the pancreas facilitate with further digestion as well as HCI denatures (unfolds proteins) allowing them to be available to attack by digestive enzymes (also responsible in breaking down the protein). The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine allowing the chime to drop into the small intestine. The small intestine is the primary site for

Restriction Enzyme Digestion – The experiment was begun after putting on gloves to avoid any chemical contact with the skin. Four microtest tubes were obtained, and each of them was labeled to contain the different enzymes or suspect DNA. Two of the microtest tubes were used for suspect one and the two different restriction enzymes, while two other microtest tubes were labeled for suspect two and the two restriction enzymes. After labeling the tubes, the contents that were at the bottom were taken out by slightly tapping them. Then to begin setting up the enzyme reactions, a micropipette was used to obtain 10 μL of the reaction buffer which was added to each of the four test tubes. The buffer is important because it carries the electrical current from the power supply in the gel. After the reaction buffer was in each, the microtest tubes were individually filled with their specific enzymes and DNA, shown in summary through Table 1.1 below. The restriction enzymes are used to cleave the DNA at specific

Also while measuring the heart rate observing these daphnia locomotion when exposed to these different pHs. The locomotion of the daphnia wasn’t measured it was just observed to see how these animals would react and maybe adapt to these pHs and maybe be able to survive.

The intention of the experiment was to measure how different pH levels affect the heart rate of daphnia. The objective of this experiment was to measure the heart rate of

The digestive system is the process that involves the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. For the body to function, the body`s cells needs energy and that energy will come from the food we eat. All the food we eat contains nutrients, carbohydrates, glucose, lipids, protein and many more other substances. The only way the body can absorb and convert these nutrients into energy to our cells is through breaking down the large molecules into smaller pieces and moist by the action of enzymes.

In this lab we first created a scale to convert pixels to meters on the picture (71.03 pixels = 1 m). Using this scale we then determined the length from the top guy’s shoulders to feet (1.36m), the length of the right horizontal arm (.99m), and the length of the right horizontal arm (.94m). Next we took the inverse tangent of these terms to determine the angle made by the diagonal arms. (36.05° and 34.65°). We then took those terms to find the force felt by the diagonal arms, and their directions (79.16 kg @ 306.05° cartesian and 77.8 @ 235.35° cartesian). Next, using c^2 - a^2 = b^2 and those terms, we found the force felt by the horizontal arms - for their directions we used the cartesian grid (44.24 kg @ 180° cartesian and 46.59 kg @ 0°

From the scenario above, there was a direct contact (skin to skin) in which SN X touched the patient’s skin with bare hands and palpates the puncture site again before swap it with the alcohol swab. There is a possibility that SN X’s hand could have bacteria. Since at that time SN X had cold, it is possible if she touched her face to cover her mouth for sneezing or coughing. As indicated by a study done at the University of Colorado and posted on Bacteriality by Amy Proal (2008), about 332,000 genetically distinct bacteria which live on the human hand are fitting in with 4,742 distinct species. There might be a number of germs being transmitted to the child when she touches the child’s skin. If the sterility during the procedure is not maintained

We start with the mouth, in the feature, I am chewing on a bit of bread from a sandwich, the sandwich softens up two distinct ways, mechanical and concoction absorption. Mechanically, teeth are utilized to bite sustenance into little pieces and blend it with salivation with the tongue's assistance. The tongue then sends this pounded up sandwich down the throat to the stomach. Synthetically, Salivary organs in the mouth produce spit, containing the protein amylase to separate starch, is blended with sustenance, making it gentler and smoother prepared for its adventure down to the stomach.

With the results of the Starch Hydrolysis Test I preceded to the final test which is the Citrate Test. Using aseptic technique, I streaked the organism onto the surface of the Simmons’ citrate slant and let it incubate overnight at 37°C. The Citrate Test determines if the organism is able to

In this report, I will be explaining the efficiency of the different digestive systems, the pros and cons of each digestive system, how all the food is broken down and how each digestive system is suitable for the type of animal.

Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed. Digestion is a form of catabolism: a breakdown of large food molecules to smaller ones. When food enters into stomach, gastric juice starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. The pH value of hydrochloric in the stomach is 2, as the activity of pepsin is optimal, while it will lose its activity at pH 6.5 and above. However, pepsin will regain its activity at pH of 8. In the range of pH1 to pH6.5, pepsin will be most active at pH2, and starts to decrease its