Unit 3 Macromolecules

They are all polymers made during dehydration synthesis reactions from monomers. These reactions result in the loss of water forming strong covalent bonds. They are referred to as endergonic reactions since they require an input of energy. Hydrolytic reactions are the opposite as they break polymers into single unit monomers using water and in the process releasing energy thus referred to as exergonic reactions (Gorrod, 1985). The monomer form of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide e.g. glucose (used for energy in cells), fructose and ribose. When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction they form a disaccharide e.g. sucrose, which is a combination of glucose and fructose. Sucrose is used for transport in plants. Polysaccharides consist of three or more covalently bonded monosaccharides. Starch and glycogen are good examples and are both used in energy storage in plants and animals respectively. Monomers of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol while amino acids are monomers of proteins. Amino acids mainly function to regulate different cell functions as well as catalyze various cell reactions. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids and they function in storing the genetic information of a cell (DNA) and synthesis of proteins (RNA). All these monomers undergo dehydration synthesis reactions to form their corresponding polymers and are used in

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are known as macronutrients as the body needs masses of these nutrient components in order to carry out the bodies’ essential functions.

All living things contain some form of organic macromolecules including: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. All of these organic molecules are alike in the sense that is they are made up of bonded elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and to smaller quantities nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. The macromolecules each contain large long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and often consists of repeating smaller molecules bonded together in a repeating pattern (polymers). To test whether a specific solid white substance is a protein is simple due to the unique chains found in the respective type of macromolecule. To test if the substance is a carbohydrate, two tests could be performed on separate samples of the object. First,

The most common macromolecules found in living organisms are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. Briefly, the meaning of macromolecules is that they normally contain two or more molecules in them and their main functions are to store energy, information and much more. Most foods are known to be combinations of macromolecules. While some of these compounds can be detected by taste tests, many cannot. Scientists then use certain tests to determine the presence of macromolecules.

A cell, the building block of all living organisms, is composed of four fundamental biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, sugars and lipids. Proteins provide a vast amount of functions cells such as they serve as enzymes, provide structural support to cells, and act as antibodies. Reagents are used to spark a chemical reaction. The reagent used to detect protein traces in a substance is Biuret’s. Biuret’s will turn purple if proteins are present and blue if they are none. Biuret’s copper particles, have a charge of +2, are diminished to a charge of +1 when peptide bonds, which are in proteins, are present, creating the color change. Polysaccharides, which are carbohydrates, are most notably known to provide energy to the body, but they also help in breaking down fatty acids. Iodine is the reagent used to determine whether a substance has starch in it. The iodine/starch complex has energy levels that are only for retaining unmistakable light, giving the complex its extraordinarily dark black-blue shade. If there is no starch found, iodine will remain its natural yellowish-brownish color, but if starch is present, iodine will turn blue-black. Monosaccharides, which are sugars, like polysaccharides, provide the body with energy. To detect monosaccharides, the reagent, Benedict’s, is used. Benedict’s reagent is added to a test tube, then it is placed in

Carbohydrates are used for energy and structural support in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. They are also used to make cell structures and can make a large group of chemical compounds. Carbohydrates are also made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The testing solution for carbohydrates is Benedict and iodine. Next is proteins, they help bulk up all solid materials inside your body, such as your muscle, hair, skin, and inside organs. Proteins also make up some hormones which help with the chemical control in the body. They

3. State the name and structure of the functional group for each type of biologically

a. Proteins- macromolecules made of amino acids. Proteins have many functions in the body. Some sources of proteins are whole-grain cereals, dark breads,rice, beans, and meat.

Carbohydrates are macromolecules which and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C,H,O). There are also two types of sugars, sweet soluble and starches which are non-soluble. Sugars can also be single or simple sugars.Carbohydrates can be found in a wide variety of foods such as pasta, wheat and grains, rice, potatoes, fruits and sugars. Carbohydrates are broken down into

Macromolecules come in the forms of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. These 4 types of macromolecules are in everything we eat like grains, protein, fruits and vegetables, and dairy. During the week of September 12 through September 18 I used the Super Tracker app to record my daily calorie intake. The program recorded every single food and liquid item I ate and created a graph to show how much of each food group I ate in a day. Sometimes I had more dairy than vegetables, sometimes I had more fruits than grains. Every day was different. I sometimes went over the daily limit of saturated fat or sugars. Sometimes I went under the suggested amount that I should have in a day. By recording and understanding which macromolecules I consumed in a day, I could understand how my body is functioning after certain types of macromolecules went into my system. I could also see what kinds of foods I should be eating more or less of to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Then, nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and has the ability to make new cells. Finally, Lipids. Lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids play a big role in the body, it provides cushion and insulation for the larger organisms in our bodies. All of these macromolecules and monomers are needed to make energy.

Recollect what people had for lunch. Did any of their lunch things have a nourishment facts name on the back of them? Provided that this is true, and in the event that people observed the sustenance 's protein, sugar, or fat substance, they might as of now be acquainted with a few sorts of vast organic particles, which are going to be discussed in this paper. Therefore, everyone will also be viewed the four major biological macromolecules as are carbohydrates (such as sugars), lipids (such as fats), proteins and nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA), which all are fundamental forever. A large portion of these molecules is shaped from monomers and polymers. Monomers are small molecules that can be joined by a condensation reaction, in which water is removed to form the bond between two monomers. Whereas polymers are huge molecules, can be degraded by a hydrolysis reaction in which water is added to break the bond between polymers. That’s how the large molecules are formed due to condensation and hydrolysis reaction.

The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate

There are four types of biomolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are large chains of sugar found in food and living tissues. This includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. They have the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that water has, 2:1. They are broken down to release energy in the animal body. Lipids are any organic compounds that are fatty acids and don’t dissolve in water but do in organic solvents. Fatty acids can be found in natural oils, waxes, and steroids. Proteins are macromolecules that do everything in the cell. They are tools and machines that make things happen. Nucleic acids are long strands of nucleotides, and function primarily in storage and transmission of genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material of all cellular organisms, and RNA sends out messages from the information that is held in the DNA.

Most organic compounds in living organisms are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids they are called macromolecules. Each of these macromolecules is made of smaller subunits. These subunits are linked by dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis is an energy requiring process in which a molecule of water is removing and the two subunits are boded