Unit 4 Basic Concepts

Albert’s baseline reactions to the stimuli were noted. He showed no fear when presented with a rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, a mask with hair, or cotton wool. When Albert was 11 months old the experiments started.

Phobia in clinical psychology context is an irrational fear of something or situation. The person suffering from phobia will try their best to avoid their phobia. In the extreme case that the person suffering from the phobia cannot avoid it, they will attempt to endure through the situation with a lot of distress ADDIN EN.CITE Swanson1986158(Swanson, 1986)15815817Swanson, Guy E.Phobias and Related Symptoms: Some Social SourcesSociological ForumSociological Forum103-130111986Springer08848971http://www.jstor.org/stable/684555( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_2" o "Swanson, 1986 #158" Swanson, 1986). Phobias can cause difficulties in a person performing their daily activities.

“Describe what this study demonstrated about human behavior and mental processes using the results of the study along with information you have learned in Units 1-3.”

A phobia is a persistent and unreasonable fear of an object or situation which can initiate an anxiety response such as a panic attack or crying and freezing in children – the response is out of proportion to the threat posed. The sufferer is aware that their fear is unreasonable, causing distress, but also distinguishing the disorder from schizophrenia and psychosis. The anxiety response includes dizziness and difficulty breathing and is maladaptive as avoidance or distress in response to the feared situation or object interferes considerably with the individual’s daily routine. For those under 18, symptoms have to be present for at least 6 months and cannot be better explained by the criteria of another

The nine month year old subject, Albert, was put through a series of tests to determine if fear can be conditioned, and to determine the effects of variability and time in these tests.

Almost everyone has fears. It can be as simple as a fear of spiders or as complex as a fear of being in a car accident. However, whenever that fear combines with anxiety and a few other factors, it is actually a phobia.

1. Describe the justification for the study. What does the study add to the literature? Is this the first study of its kind or is it an adaptation of previous studies?

However, there is a fear induced by the mind which is called Phobia. Phobia comes from the Greek word “Phobos” that means fear. This type of fear is known as irrational or inappropriate since it is caused by pure imagination. Most common phobias are the fear of evil powers, snakes, enclosed spaces, water, spiders and heights.

Phobia defined as a learning behaviour, is an extreme form of fear which can be triggered by a

Fear is an aspect of life people deal with every day. Being afraid is part of what makes people human. Fear that grows with adulthood or causes people to have different conduct is known as a phobia. A phobia can elicit physical or emotional discomfort when it comes to the fear of an object or situation that can be treated by therapy or medication in most cases, or untreatable in others. There are four subtypes of specific phobias known as: blood injection injury, animal, situational, and natural environment. Sometimes treatment of phobias can be difficult to determine because of the wide range of phobias that exist. There has not been an adequate amount of research conducted on phobias which makes it difficult to study or comprehend

Phobia is an extreme fear or dislike of particular thing or situation , especially one that cannot be reasonable . In addition, the Phobia has no age , nor gender. People with Phobia cannot control themselves . There are two types of Phobia are a Specific , or Simple Phobia and Complex Phobia . Specific , or Simple Phobia is a normal fear , but it can be develop in childhood to become a Phobia . Complex Phobia is happen in bad event specially on adulthood . All in all , Phobia is kind of extremely scared and it has to two types are a Specific or Simple Phobia and Complex Phobia .

Definition: Phobia disorders are characterized by persistent, irrational fear of places, situations, or objects that are believed to provoke the person’s fears. Phobias often interfere with the person’s life or work performance. There are different types of phobia disorders; the most common form of phobia is social phobia, in which the person is afraid of being embarrassed in a social situation. Also some phobias are labeled specific, meaning people have an out of proportion fear of specific things.

Learning is the essential factor in the aetiology of anxiety, specifically fears and phobias. Brought forward by Watson & Rayner (1920) and Pavlov (1927), one learning theory that seeks to explain the origin of an individual’s anxiety is classical conditioning. Continued by Rachman (1977), conditioning is where a neutral stimulus is strongly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). The US causes an automatic physiological response, called an unconditioned response (UR). When the link between the stimuli occurs, the neutral stimulus, now the conditioned stimulus (CS), will bring about a conditioned response (CR), which is very similar to the UR. In the context of arachnophobia, an image, presence or thought of a spider (CS) will be linked to disgust, being bitten or a traumatic experience (US). The UR of the stimulus is fear and therefore the resulting CR will also be fear leading to the CS always eliciting the emotion of fear. Continuing Rachman’s (1977) ideas, fear acquisition can also occur through vicarious and didactic learning, where fear is observed and learnt rather

A phobia is an intense fear of something that has little or no actual danger. In general, most of the phobias develop in childhood but they can also develop in adulthood.

A phobia is a phenomenon where an organism has a distinct fear of a particular event or object. Phobias can not only be a biological instinct but rather a conditioned emotional response as well. Though, there has been some argument on what causes phobia it is generally accepted that phobias both stem from biological input and environmental experiences.