United Front Elections of 1954 in East Pakistan

On April 9, 1946, Muslim League's Central and Provincial Legislators had requested through a determination that the six territories of Bengal and Assam in upper east and Punjab, N.W.F.P, Sindh and Baluchistan in the northwest be constituted into a sovereign and the autonomous condition of

In the 1971 national elections, The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, had a major success, winning 160 seats as well as majority of the national assembly. Rahman demanded independence for East Pakistan, as well as the right to form a government.

The elections of 1948, and 2004 had many similarities. In both elections we had the two major political parties, plus a third independent party. We had a war going on, polls trying to predict the election, and two main candidates working on getting elected. The elections did have some differences though. Money spent, mediums campaigned through, and the number of votes for the third party. Despite the differences, there was one main similarity that stood out between the two elections, the type of rhetoric used to sway votes from both sides.

In the mid-twentieth century, the news media were one of America’s most trusted institutions. The 1956 American National Election Study (ANES) found that 66% of Americans thought newspapers were fair, while only 27% said they were unfair. These views were bipartisan, with 78% of Republicans and 64% of Democrats viewing newspapers as fair. When the Roper Organization asked a similar question about network news in two 1964 polls, 71% and 61% of the public thought it was fair, while just 12% and 17% thought it was unfair. In 1973, when the General Social Survey (GSS) began regularly measuring con dence in various national institu- tions, only 15% of respondents had “hardly any” con dence in the press.

Shortly after the Republic of Afghanistan was set up by Mohammed Daoud Khan, the Afghanistan 's presidential palace was attacked by a section of the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan called the Khalq faction. Mohammed Daoud Khan was killed and his government overthrown in the process of this revolution called the Saur Revolution. A man named Nur Muhammad Taraki takes control of the new government that came into power after the Saur Revolution, and he set up a Marxist Government. His government 's goal was to industrialize Afghanistan and provide full equality for women. This enraged fundamentalists deeply, but Taraki carried on with his plans. On December 5th of 1978, Taraki signed the “20 Year Treaty of Friendship” with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR). This treaty was developed for a few reasons. One, to strengthen the internal strength of Taraki 's party, and Afghanistan 's international security and presence. Two, the Soviets agreed to undertake helping Taraki improve Afghanistan 's social and economic achievement. Third, to increase the defensive capabilities of both nations. Finally, to declare a twenty year “unshakable” friendship between the two parties.

The conflict between the two states has involved many non-state and state actors. For example, besides the two main states, the UN Security Council has been involved. Specific state actors include Japan, the United States, and several European countries, many of whom had ordered sanctions against both India and Pakistan for nuclear testing and other issues (BBC News 2017a). Militant groups such as the anti-India terror group, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), became involved relatively early on with the conflict and ran entire terror campaigns (Mohan 1992, 299). Peaceful groups such as the Red Cross have provided aid to India and Pakistan at different points in the conflict.

The eventual genocide was preceded by a number of events that angered the Bengali people, which would inspire some to take to nationalism and lead to government intervention. First, months after the creation of Pakistan, Urdu was declared the national language by the governor-general in 1948, despite the fact that only four percent of the population could speak it. As a result of negativity to the Western Bengali people, those who supported the use of Bengali received the label of a traitor, terrorist, and enemies of the state. In response to successive governments’ refusals to recognize Bengali as the second national language, the Bengali people created a language movement that soon became supported by the new Awami League, an alternative

The united front had long and historic roots in Vietnam. Used earlier in the century to mobilize anti-French forces, the united front brought together Communists and non-Communists in an umbrella organization that had limited, but important goals. On December 20, 1960, the Party' s new united front, the National Liberation Front (NLF), was born. Anyone could join this front as long as they opposed Ngo Dinh Diem and wanted to unify Vietnam.The character of the NLF and its relationship to the Communists in Hanoi has caused considerable debate among scholars, anti-war activists, and policymakers. From the birth of the NLF, government officials in Washington claimed that Hanoi directed the NLF's violent attacks against the Saigon regime. In a

In 1971 Richard M. Nixon was president at the time. He was elected as President in 1968, won re-election in 1972, and resigned in 1974 after the Watergate scandal. In 1971 a normal house costed about $25,250.00. During this year people drove mustangs, Buggies by volkswagen, and Chevy pickups. Michael Strahan played football in the NFL and he was born in 1971 along with Mark Wahlberg famous actor and Jeff Gordon the famous racecar driver, and Lance Armstrong the philanthropist.

The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, insisted on a separate Muslim state called Pakistan (Bentley 889). He observed that “[t]he only solution to India’s problem is Pakistan” (Bentley 890). Jinnah believed that the only way to prevent violence between Hindus and Muslims was to segregate them. However, Gandhi and Nehru disagreed with him and demanded an integrated India where national identity, not religion, defined oneself. Nehru declared, “[i]f the division is made so as to separate the predominately Hindu and Muslim areas, the Hindu areas will not be so hard hit.

The Baath Party had two goals: to unite the Middle East into one Arab nation and to create a new set of political elites completely comprised of the rural, lower class to replace the tradition urban elites (Antoun and Quataert 33). They wanted to reverse the effects caused by imperialist intervention and the agrarian crisis in the 1950s. Therefore, when they took power, transformation – a reformation from the top down – occurred. The new regime took a more revolutionary turn and incorporated extreme leftist elements such as the idea of a one party system. It also had the state play a major role in national development, social welfare services, labor rights, regulation of private business in the national interest, and agrarian reform (Hinnebusch 680).

Although they each were united by one name, the Pakistani Government treated the East side with more hatred than the West. The governments of West Pakistan have made countless efforts in purifying the Bengals from the Hindu culture of India. Prior to 1971, there was an election held, which resulted in a group named the Awami League to win the majority. They were in favor of the idea of East Pakistan yearning for their independence. Some were opposed to this idea including a General in the Pakistani army named Yahya Khan and wished to intervene. He says that he wished, “to suspend democracy and to deal with the source of the “threat”-the residents of East Pakistan,” (Combat Genocide). Unlike the previous democracy, Yahya Khan showed disgust towards the idea of separation between the East and West. A report wrote that General Khan stated that, “We must kill three million of them, and the rest will eat out of the palm of our hand,” (Combat Genocide). General Khan even went to the extent of hiring General Tikka Khan to look after the East, who was said to be as brutal or if not worse than General Yahya himself. Just like the Holocaust, General Yahya planned to enact the “final

To the Congress motto of "Quit India", the Quaid's answer was "Partition and Quit". At the point when the Muslim League Working Committee met in Bombay on 16 August, 1942, there were numerous who needed the League to dive indiscriminately into the battle, while others went to the amazing of giving full and genuine backing to the British and squashing the Congress. The Quaid shrewdly pushed a center course maintaining a strategic distance from both the Congress and the British traps and focused more on building up the Muslim League association and uprooting some of its inalienable shortcomings.

Congress last its domination and regional parties started participating in the national government. Therefore, coalition government started coming up in central. Many regional parties like TDP, DMK, Akali Dal, and AIADMK started playing their influential role. They started

In 1940 the all-Indian Muslim league declared its desire for a 'Pakistan' meaning 'land of the pure' under the confederation of an all Hindu state called 'Hindustan' or the 'land of the Hindus'. however a 'Pakistan' under the Indian rule seemed impossible, and